Background and Aim: The information related to brain oscillation, head rotation and head orientation relative to gravity is obtained from the vestibular system. An important reference for upright posture and navigation is gravity-based vertical perception. Many studies have been conducted for the determination of cortical areas involved in Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) perception in healthy people or patients with brain injuries. Their results have indicated an extensive and bilateral cortical area involved in SVV perception. The purpose of this review study is to investigate these cortical areas and their functional role.
Recent Findings: Neuroimaging studies in patients with brain injuries showed that multiple cortical areas have a role in SVV perception. These areas mainly include the occipital cortex, frontal cortex, posterior temporoparietal, temporo-occipital, parieto-occipital, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe in temporoparietal junction, posterior insula, cuneus, lingual gyrus, precuneus, ventral dentate nucleus, cerebellum, and brainstem.
Conclusion: The cortical areas involved in SVV perception are a part of the vestibular system, which is distributed bilaterally. These areas have a multi-sensory processing task and play a role in processing of cognitive and motor sensory information.

Background and Aim: A raga is characterized by its distinctive melodic shape. The ability to perceive intricate melodic and pitch patterns depends on the Temporal Envelope (ENV) and Fine Structure (TFS). The present study aimed to understand the importance of temporal envelope and temporal fine structure cues in identifying ragas in Indian music.
Methods: Twenty-one adult’s musicians were included in the study. In experiment 1, professional musicians were involved in a raga identification task using music chimaeras. In experiment 2, the chimaeras were subjected to acoustic analysis using the envelope difference index, to understand better how the ENV and TFS changed depending on how many frequency bands were used to create the chimaeras. The subjective impression of a new group of trained musicians was then compared to these results. Friedman’s test and Wilcoxon tests were carried out.
Results: Results showed that both cues are crucial in a trade-off manner; when TFS are not significantly accessible, ENV aids in raga identification. It was reflected in experiment 1 as an increase in ENV scores and a decrease in TFS scores as the number of frequency bands increased. In experiment 2, the envelope difference index for ENV increases with a number of frequency bands, and it correlates with perceptual scores for ENV.
Conclusion: The current study highlights the perceptual role of temporal cues in raga identification and directs future work for a temporal-based raga classifier.

Background and Aim: Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference )RECD( is affected by the type of transducer and its coupling method. This study aimed to investigate the effect of receiver type used in Receiver-in-Canal (RIC) hearing aids on RECD and Coupler Response for Flat Insertion Gain (CORFIG) obtained by the same coupling method.
Methods: In this study, the right ears of 30 normal-hearing adults (25 men and 5 women, with a mean age of 28.13±5.62 years) were studied. We used the RIC hearing aids with two standard and power receivers. The foam of the ER-3A insert earphone was used as a coupling system in both receivers. By using the Audiogram Direct test within Phonak's fitting software, 70 dB HL intensity was produced at different frequencies, once in the real-ear and again in the HA-1 coupler. By assessing the difference between real-ear and HA-1 coupler measurements, the RECD was first obtained. Then, the CORFIG was obtained at different frequencies by subtracting the Microphone Location Effect (MLE) and RECD from Real-Ear Unaided Gain (REUG).
Results: The RECD and CORFIG values obtained from the standard receiver at all frequencies were significantly different from those from the power receiver (p<0.05), where the use of the power receiver resulted in lower RECD and higher CORFIG. With the increase in frequency, the RECD increased. A small frequency changes of 50 Hz had a significant effect on RECD and CORFIG.
Conclusion: The type of receiver used in RIC hearing aids has a significant effect on the RECD and CORFIG values.

Background and Aim: Gap Prepulse Inhibition (GPI) is a type of Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) in which a gap is used as a prepulse. This study was conducted to investigate the silence gap effect on Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR) inhibition in normal subjects.
Methods: In this study, 25 participants with normal hearing and no history of tinnitus were included. AMLR was recorded in response to stimuli with gap and without gap in two background noises of 2 and 8 kHz at two electrode locations Fz and Cz and then, gap prepulse inhibition for Na-Pa, Pa-Nb, Nb-Pb and Pb-Nc amplitude with Use of responses to stimuli with and without gap was calculated.
Results: The results showed that the mean amplitudes of all four AMLR indices decreased in response to the stimuli with gap and this decrease was more and statistically significant in 8 kHz background noise (p≤0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that in future studies, PPI of Na-Pa and Pb-Nc amplitudes can be used as main indicators and PPI of Pa-Nb and Nb-Pb amplitudes as alternative indicators in the PPI paradigm in tinnitus diagnosis.

Background and Aim: Misophonia, characterized by a decreased tolerance for specific auditory stimuli, has been insufficiently explored within audiology. Limited research has been conducted, and the auditory mechanisms involved in this disorder remain to be explored. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the auditory efferent systems in individuals with misophonia. By focusing on this specific aspect, we aim to contribute to a better understanding of misophonia and shed light on the underlying auditory mechanisms involved in the condition.
Methods: A cross-sectional research was performed with students from Mysore University to investigate misophonia. The severity of misophonia was evaluated using the revised Amsterdam misophonia scale. The participants were divided into two groups based on their misophonia severity: mild (n=15) and moderate-severe (n=15). All participants underwent transient evoked otoacoustic emissions with contralateral suppression to assess the auditory function. The overall amplitude and frequency-specific amplitudes were analyzed and compared across the various groups.
Results: The analysis of variance results revealed no significant differences between the groups in global amplitude suppression and suppression of all frequencies. These findings imply that the medial-olivocochlear bundle efferent pathway is intact among individuals with misophonia.
Conclusion: Our findings have concluded that the medial olivocochlear bundle appears intact among individuals with misophonia (p>0.05). However, it is essential to note that the generalizability of these findings may be limited due to the relatively small sample size used in our study. Therefore, further research involving a more extensive and diverse population is needed to validate and generalize these conclusions.

Background and Aim: Misophonia is a condition marked by heightened sensitivity and intense emotional and physiological responses to particular sounds that may not spark the same reactions in others. This study is the first of its kind to assess binaural integration and binaural interaction in misophonia.
Methods: Thirty misophonia and 30 control participants were considered in the age range of 18 to 30 years. All the participants had hearing sensitivity within normal limits and normal middle ear function. Individuals with a history of otological complaints, noise exposure, ototoxic medications, tinnitus, hyperacusis, diabetes, or hypertension were excluded from the study. Misophonia severity was assessed using the Misophonia Assessment Questionnaire (MAQ). Binaural integration was assessed using Dichotic Consonant Vowel (DCV) test, and binaural interaction was assessed using Masking Level Difference (MLD).
Results: The statistical analysis of the independent t-test for DCV and Mann Whitney U test for MLD showed no significant difference between misophonia and the control group for both MLD and DCV.
Conclusion: The results suggest that there is no significant difference in DCV and MLD scores between the control and misophonia groups.

Background and Aim: Wideband Tympanometry (WBT) evaluation of the middle ear is a more accurate approach to identifying middle ear disorders, especially in infants and neonates. Therefore, the need to achieve WBT normative values in the infant population seems obvious. This study aims to evaluate the normative wideband tympanometry values measured in birth to 2-months Iranian infants.
Methods: Sixty-four infants participated in this study, including 9 girls and 11 boys in the age group of 0–14 days and 17 girls and 27 boys in the age group of 15–60 days.
Results: The normative range of the mean resonance frequency in the first and second age groups was between 298–323 Hz and 324–339 Hz, respectively. At the frequencies of 500 Hz and 1000 Hz, the effect of age groups, at the frequency of 2000 Hz, the effect of age groups, gender, and ear side, at the frequency of 6349 Hz, the effect of gender and age groups, and finally at the frequency of 8000 Hz, the effect of gender in different modes was observed. The normative range of the mean ear canal volume in the first and second age groups was between 0.41–0.38 ml and 0.42–0.46 ml, respectively. The normative range of mean peak tympanometric pressure in the first and second age groups was between –21 to 32 daPa and –8 to 25 daPa.
Conclusion: The use of separate norms for males and females in different situations may increase the sensitivity and specificity of the wideband tympanometry.

Background and Aim: Hearing and speech perception are essential in social life. As our environment contains many background noises in everyday conversations, it is necessary to evaluate the noise tolerance. The Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) provides an approach to quantifying the maximum amount of background noise a listener is willing to put up with while listening to a target story without becoming tense. Exploring noise tolerance in speech perception, the study investigates how different calibration methods impact normal hearing participants’ monotic and dichotic ANL results.
Methods: This investigation utilizes a pared-sample t-test for statistical analysis, adopting a comparative observational approach. This study applied the Persian version of the typical ANL test. Two approaches have equalized the target and background stimuli: Root Mean Squared (RMS) and loudness match calibration via Adobe Audition. Using these modified materials the Most Comfortable Level (MCL), the Background Noise Level (BNL), and ANL were compared in terms of RMS and loudness match calibration. Fifty normal persons aged (18–39), under the conditions of monotic and dichotic listening, participated in this study.
Results: The statistical analysis using a paired-sample t-test revealed no significant differences in the outcomes of the ANL test between the calibrations of RMS and loudness matching under both monotic and dichotic listening conditions (p=0.31 and p=0.67, respectively).
Conclusion: The study suggests that calibration procedures, namely RMS and Loudness matching, do not affect ANL in either monotic or dichotic conditions.

Background and Aim: Regular physical activities, including sports, are associated with improved balance function. The objectives of our study were to conduct cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMPs) and ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) in young adult football players and to compare the test results with those who are not involved in regular physical activities as the control group.
Methods: We recruited 11 young football players (9 right-leg and two left-leg dominant) who have been playing football regularly since childhood and have participated in inter-school or college/university-level football tournaments. The age-matched control group consisted of 11 healthy participants not involved in any physical activities regularly or as a hobby. Participants in both groups underwent cVEMP and oVEMP tests in both ears.
Results: The peak-to-peak amplitude of both cVEMP and oVEMP were higher in football players than in the control group. The amplitude for left ear stimulation was higher than the right ear for both cVEMP and oVEMP in football players and it reached statistical significance for oVEMP in left ear stimulation (p<0.05). The n10 latency of oVEMP in both right and left ear stimulations and the p13 latency of cVEMP in left ear stimulation was significantly shorter in football players compared to the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Regular football players have stronger vestibule-collic and translational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes (t-VOR). The reflex strength, measured as the higher peak-to-peak amplitude of VEMPs, might also be influenced by factors like leg/eye dominance.

Background and Aim: One of the various measures used in speech audiometry is the speech recognition threshold. The aim of this study is to construct psychometrically equivalent lists containing Azeri two-syllable words to evaluate speech reception threshold in Azeri-speaking adults.
Methods: This study is a cross-sectional comparative study of test construction. Common two-syllable words were collected from Azeri books. Words with features of ease, familiarity, and relatedness as well as phonetic balance and phonetic dissimilarity were included in 5 lists of 10 words. The lists were evaluated for psychometric evaluations and validity and reliability on young Azeri population at 5 intensity levels from –5 to 15 dB HL. After two to four weeks, people were tested again under the same conditions.
Results: All 5 lists showed favorable face, content validity index and content validity ratio. The average speech thresholds obtained were 9.62, 9.77, 9.57, 9.67 and 9.57, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and halving were obtained above 0.8 in all 5 lists. Test-retest reliability was also significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The review and analysis performed on the data show that all 5 lists have psychometric homogeneity and alignment and show a high degree of validity and reliability; which makes them suitable for evaluating speech reception threshold in hearing centers of Azari regions.

Background and Aim: Human blood group system variations may impact the individual's health and hearing status. It was found that individuals with O-positive blood are more prone to noise-induced hearing loss, and they exhibit reduced amplitude in otoacoustic emissions, elevated Acoustic Reflex Threshold (ART), and a slightly higher resonance frequency of the middle ear. Hence, a study was needed to observe if the same trend is followed for those with Rh-ve blood groups.
Methods: A cross-sectional group post-test-only design with a non-random convenient sample was applied. This study was conducted with forty adult female participants with a pure tone threshold range of less than or equal to 15 dBHL and ages ranging from 18 to 25 years. In each blood group (A–, B–, O–, AB–), 10 participants were recruited. All participants underwent immittance evaluation, pure tone audiometry, and extended high-frequency audiometry.
Results: On analyzing the data, participants with the O negative blood group showed significantly elevated ART in both ipsilateral and contralateral ears. Also, there was no significant difference for pure tone thresholds for the frequencies 250 Hz to 16 kHz and tympanometry findings.
Conclusion: This study indicates that the elevated ARTs in O negative blood group people could be attributed to relatively increased stiffness in the middle ear and fewer outer hair cells compared with other blood groups.

Background and Aim: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and spatial memory deficits. Recent studies have suggested a potential link between the vestibular system and cognitive function. Despite advancements in understanding the role of vestibular stimulation in neurological disorders, there is a paucity of research on this subject. In this regard, this study aims to assess the subacute effects two vestibular stimulation methods and their combination on spatial memory in a rat model of AD.
Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups of AD (without intervention), Rotational Vestibular Stimulation (RVS), noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (nGVS), nGVS+RVS, and healthy control. The intervention groups received stimulation for 14 days. After AD induction and its confirmation, to examine the sub-acute effects of the stimulation, their performance was assessed using the Morris Water Maze (MVM) test one month later.
Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed in the MVM test parameters in the RVS and nGVS+RVS groups compared to the AD group, in the training days and in the probe day, especially in the time to reach the platform and the time spent in the target quarter. Time spent in goal quarter improved in the RVS group compared to the nGVS+RVS group, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The RVS alone or in combination with nGVS can improve spatial memory of rats with AD.

Background and Aim: Hearing loss often coexists with various comorbidities and is commonly accompanied by tinnitus. Patients frequently report both tinnitus and hearing difficulties, posing challenges in distinguishing
between the two complaints. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (THS) for distinguishing between tinnitus and hearing problems.
Methods: A psychometric study involved 100 participants aged 18-60, categorized into four groups based on hearing status and tinnitus presence. The Persian translation of a questionnaire underwent content and face validity assessments. Convergent validity for tinnitus and sound tolerance sections was evaluated using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) respectively, while pure-tone average assessed hearing section validity. Construct validity was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and ICC respectively.
Results: The Persian version had strong face and content validity, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.82 and 0.90 for the tinnitus and hearing sections, respectively, and a value of 0.80 for the overall scale. The ICC values for the tinnitus, hearing, and sound tolerance sections were 0.8, 0.83, and 0.82 respectively. Convergent validity using the THI and HQ scores were reported 0.76 and 0.6, respectively, and the correlation value of the THS score with the PTA was 0.82. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a good 2-factor structure of the THS
Conclusion: The Persian THS is a valid and reliable tool for separating tinnitus from hearing problems in Persian-speaking people .

Background and Aim: Previous research has shown that musicians outperformed non-musicians on consonant recognition in the presence of noise. This experiment aimed to determine the effects of two important variables on this musician advantage: the age of start of musical training, and the number of years of musical activity.
Methods: Thirty-six musicians with a starting age of 4-8 and at least 10 years of musical training, were required to listen to consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllable tokens presented in twelve-talker babble noise and write them down. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of age of musical training onset and years of musical training on the recognition of stops and fricatives among young musicians.
Results: Regression analysis revealed that starting age of musical training, rather than years of musical activity, significantly predicted consonant recognition in noise.
Conclusion: This study strongly suggests that an early start of musical training improves the ability to detect consonants in challenging listening environments.

Background and Aim: Timbre, as a multidimensional feature of sound, is influenced by hearing loss and can significantly reduce music perception. Hearing loss may affect the duration or spectral coding of musical notes, making instrument recognition challenging. Since the temporal and spectral features of sounds are known to be crucial for timbre recognition, this study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of temporal and spectral cues for instrument (timbre) recognition in people with normal-hearing and those with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).
Methods: Two groups of Iranian adults with normal-hearing (n=29) and SNHL (n=28) participated in this study. In this research, the CAMP test was used. A single note from two musical instruments selected from among four musical instrument families was played and recorded (original condition). Subsequently, employing specialized signal processing techniques, the rise time and spectral cues were manipulated while maintaining the overall spectrum and loudness. Participants were asked to identify the desired instrument after listening to each note.
Results: Instrument recognition scores were the same at the original and spectral-manipulated conditions, but were lower at the temporal-manipulated condition. the difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.05), where the normal-hearing group recognized the musical instruments significantly better than the SNHL group(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Temporal cues have a greater importance for timbre recognition in Iranian people with normal hearing or SNHL. This suggests that the interventions and assistive devices aimed at improving timbre recognition for Iranian people with hearing loss should prioritize temporal processing.

Background and Aim: For the Word Recognition Score (WRS) test, homogenous lists of words with similar difficulty levels are needed. This study aimed to develop and validate Turkish-Azeri monosyllabic words with phonetic balance and psychometric homogeneity for the WRS test in young adult Turkish-Azeri speakers in Iran and to compile four 25-item word lists.
Methods: In this cross-sectional/comparative study, four lists of 25 monosyllabic words with phonetic balance were created by extracting common words from Turkish-Azeri dialects and assessing them in terms of ease of use, familiarity, and relevance. Then, the lists were tested on 40 young adult Azari speakers aged 18–25 years to determine the validity and reliability.
Results: All four lists showed adequate face and content validity. Cronbach's alpha and split-half values for all four lists were above 0.9, indicating acceptable internal consistency and reliability. Construct validity was confirmed the factor analysis with one-dimensional variance of 77.9%, 80.0%, 79.9%, and 88% for the word lists 1 to 4, respectively, and reported the single-factor solution of the index in all four lists. Also, test-retest reliability with a two-week interval with Pearson correlation coefficients of the lists were 0.94, 0.97, 0.97, and 0.96, respectively.
Conclusion: The four developed Turkish-Azeri word lists have phonetic balance and psychometric homogeneity with a high level of validity and reliability, which makes them suitable for evaluating the recognition of monosyllabic words by young adults in hearing centers of Azeri cities in Iran.

Background and Aim: Individuals who suffer hearing loss (HL) from inefficient auditory input will experience difficulty in phonological processing and reading. This study aimed to investigate the phonological processing and word and non-word reading abilities of Farsi-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs), hearing aids (HAs) and normal hearing (NH).
Methods: Sixty-three children with severe to profound HL and NH who were in the first grade participated. Phonological awareness (PA) and phonological working memory (PWM) tests were used to assess phonological processing. Word and non-word reading abilities were assessed through reading and dyslexia tests Reading abilities, phonological processing as well as the correlation between them were compared among three groups.
Results: The PA, PWM and reading abilities of NH children were significantly different from children with HL (p<0.01). Correlations between words and non-words reading ability and some phonological processing tasks were observed in each of the three groups. Phonemic awarenessfor all three groups and intra-syllabic awareness for children with HA and NH were the most important predictors for word and non-word reading abilities.
Conclusion: Hearing impairment had a critical effect on phonological processing as an important factor in word and non-word reading.

Background and Aim:  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the only  evidence-based and promising management method for tinnitus patients. To assess a patient’s progress during and after CBT intervention, a balanced tool such as a questionnaire is needed. Since there was no such tool available in Iran, the authors decided to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Tinnitus Cognition Questionnaire (TCQ).
 Methods: At first, TCQ was translated to Persian based on the International Quality of Life Assessment protocol. 102 tinnitus patients filled out the provided documents, and psychometric properties of the Persian version of TCQ were investigated.
Results:. In this study, Content validity evaluation showed that content validity ratio (CVR) and item content validity index (I-CVI) values were higher than the minimum acceptable values (0.74 and 0.79 respectively). Item face validity index (I-FVI) and average of scale face validity indexes(S-FVI) were between 0.8 to 0.96  and  0.88 to  0.90, all of which were higher than the acceptable value of 0.7. Furthermore, fit indexes were higher than the acceptable values and showed satisfied fitness for TCQ. Based on the positive correlations between the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) subscales with TCQ total scores (60%), criterion validity was acceptable. Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and Pearson’s correlation showed that the TCQ has acceptable reliability.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the current study, we confirmed that TCQ is a balanced and standard questionnaire to evaluate the cognitive aspects of tinnitus in the Iranian population.

Background and Aim: Temporal fine structure (TFS) sensitivity and working memory (WM) abilities have been widely studied individually as the contributing factors for deciding compression speed in hearing aids.The study aimed to develop a clinical framework for setting optimal compression speed using combination of TFS sensitivity and WM abilities.
Methods: Participants were 25 native Kannada-speaking adults (Mean age 70 years). We evaluated the participant's TFS sensitivity using the TFS -adaptive frequency (-AF) and WM abilities using reading span test. Further, aided sentence recognition in noise was tested to obtain find the signal-to-noise ratio 50% (SNR50) correct identification happens in fast acting compression (FAC) and slow acting compression (SAC) modes.
Results: Individuals with good TFS sensitivity demonstrated significantly lower SNR50 scores with FAC and individuals with poor WM showed significantly lower SNR50 with SAC. However, individuals with poor TFS sensitivity and individuals with good WM ability showed no significance on SNR50 obtained between FAC and SAC. A strong negative correlation existed between TFS sensitivity and SNR50 in both SAC and FAC modes even after accounting for WM abilities. There was a mild negative correlation between WM abilities and SNR50 in FAC mode only, but this was not significant after accounting for TFS sensitivity.
Conclusion: Using the results of the present study along with the literature findings, a clinical framework was devised to enable the selection of appropriate compression speed for optimal speech understanding with hearing aids.

Background and Aim: Listening in Spatialized Noise Sentence (LiSN-S) is one of the auditory processing disorder test battery that specifically diagnose spatial processing disorders. This research aimed to develop The Persian version of the LiSN-S, for assessing auditory processing disorders in the Persian speakers’ population.
Methods: The PLiSN-S test was developed based on its original Australian version. The speech stimuli were convolved with head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) to generate speech in the presence of spatialized noise. In total, 120 target sentences (consisting of five 1-3-syllable words) and competing stories were presented in four conditions. These included the Same Voice co-located condition (SV0°), Different Voice co-located condition (DV0°), Same Voice separated condition (SV±90°), and Different Voice separated condition (DV±90°). Then, data from 30 adults aged 18–23 with normal hearing were obtained.
Results: The results from the normal-hearing subjects showed that the Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) scores, expressed as Signal to Noise Ratios (SNR), varied across the four conditions (SV0°, DV0° SV±90°, DV±90°) the highest and lowest SRTs belonged to the first and last conditions, respectively. The amount of advantage in all conditions was lower than in the previously published English versions.
Conclusion: Considering the impact of spatial separation on the SRTs, PLiSN-S appears to be an effective tool for measuring spatial processing skills.

Background and Aim: Musical training causes neuroplasticity changes which are transferred to other modalities like- audition, cognition. All the musical tests uses musical stimulus, thus making it hard for the children without musical training due to the unfamiliarity of the stimulus. Dynamic stimulus like pitch contour, mimics musical stimulus. Hence the present study aimed to investigate the  perception of pitch contour for different tonal stimuli in typically developing children with and without musical training.
Methods: Children aged  9-13 years  were categorized into two groups: group-I with formal musical training and group-II without musical training. Musical abilities were assessed using the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Music Abilities (MBEMA) test with melody, rhythm, and memory subtests. The melody and rhythm subtests had discrimination of musical tones, while the memory subtest had identification of familiar melodies from previous subtests. The pitch contours for tonal stimulus were generated using PRAAT software . The pitch contour consisted of tones sweeps representing nine patterns (rising, rising-flat,rising-falling, flat, flat-rising, flat-falling, falling, falling-flat, and falling-rising) for 500Hz, 1kHz, and 2kHz tones. Children were familiarized with these contours and then tested using closed-set identification task  using DMDX software
Results: Group I performed better than group-II in both musical ability and pitch contour identification tests. MANOVA revealed significant differences in MBEMA  and  pitch contour identification between the groups.
Conclusion: The contour perception of the different pitch shows evident differences induced by musical training. It is proposed to assess the musical ability of the individual with the tonal pitch contours.