Consonant Production Skills in Children with Cochlear Implants and Normal-Hearing Children Aged 3–5 Years
Abstract
Background and Aim: Consonant development plays a significant role in speech intelligibility which is impaired in children with profound hearing loss. Cochlear implant (CI) can facilitate the development of language comprehension and sound production in children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. This study aimed to compare consonant production skills in children with CI and normal-hearing (NH) children aged 3–5 years.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 20 children with CI and 20 agematched NH children. The consonant production skills were assessed using the speech intelligibility test in Persian.
Results: There were significant differences between CI and NH children (p<0.05), where the highest percentage of correct production in both groups was related to the manner of articulation of stop and nasal consonants. NH children showed less accuracy only in /r/ and /ʧ/, while children with CI were less accurate in /q/, /x/, /ʤ/, /l/, /j/, and /r/.
Conclusion: Children with CI have lower scores compared to age-matched NH peers, but they have similar consonant production skills.
[1] Molina M, Huarte A, Cervera-Paz FJ, Manrique M, Garcia-Tapia R. Development of speech in 2-year-old children with cochlear implant. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999;47(2):177-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0165-5876(98)00139-6]
[2] Chin SB, Bergeson TR, Phan J. Speech intelligibility and prosody production in children with cochlear implants. J Commun Disord. 2012;45(5):355-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.05.003]
[3] Tobey EA. Speech production. In: Tyler R, editor. Cochlear implants: audiological foundations. San Diego, CA: Singualar Publishing Group; 1993. p. 257-316.
[4] Geers A, Moog J. Spoken language results: Vocabulary, syntax and communication. Volta Rev. 1994; 96:131-50.
[5] Chin SB, Tsai PL, Gao S. Connected speech intelligibility of children with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2003;12(4):440-51. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2003/090)]
[6] Ertmer DJ, Young NM, Nathani S. Profiles of vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2007;50(2):393-407. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/028)]
[7] Connor CM, Craig HK, Raudenbush SW, Heavner K, Zwolan TA. The age at which young deaf children receive cochlear implants and their vocabulary and speech-production growth: is there an added value for early implantation? Ear Hear. 2006;27(6):628-44. [DOI:10.1097/01.aud.0000240640.59205.42]
[8] Dettman SJ, Dowell RC, Choo D, Arnott W, Abrahams Y, Devis A, et al. Long-term communication outcomes for children receiving cochlear implants younger than 12 months: A multicenter study. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(2):e82-95. [DOI:10.1097/MAO.0000000000000915]
[9] Ertmer DJ, Kloiber DT, Jung J, Kirleis KC, Bradford D. Consonant production accuracy in young cochlear implant recipients: Developmental sound classes and word position effects. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2012;21(4):342-53. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0118)]
[10] Serry TA, Blamey PJ. A 4-year investigation into phonetic inventory development in young cochlear implant users. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(1):141-54. [DOI:10.1044/jslhr.4201.141]
[11] Blamey PJ, Barry JG, Jacq P. Phonetic inventory development in young cochlear implant users 6 years post-operation. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2001;44(1):73-9. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/007)]
[12] Shamsian F, Shirazi TS, Nilipoor R, Karimlu M. Evaluation and comparison of consonant production in cochlear-implanted children. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2010;6(2):108-16. Persian.
[13] Fatemi Syadar S, Zarrifian T, Modarresi Y, Zahedi MS, Ebrahimipour M, Biglarian A. Percentage of consonants correct for 3-5 years old Kurdish-speaking children with middle Kurmanji-Mukryani dialect. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2018;16(2):155-62. [DOI:10.32598/irj.16.2.155]
[14] Sohrabi M, Arani Kashani Z, Jalilevand N, Sanei H, Ajalloueyan M. Comparing speech intelligibility in 3 to 5 years old children with cochlear implants and normal children. Func Disabil J. 2018;1(3); 20-6.
[15] Damerchi Z, Jalilehvand N, Mahmoudi Bakhtiari B, Keyhani MR. [Development of phonetic inventory in 2-to-6 year-old Farsi speaking children]. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2009;5(1):42-7. Persian.
[16] Heydari S, Torabi Nezhad F, Agha Rasouli Z, Hoseyni F. [Development of speech intelligibility measurement test for 3 to 5 years old normal children]. Audiol. 2011;20(1):47-53. Persian.
[17] Soleymani Z, Nematzadeh S, Gholami Tehrani L, Rahgozar M. [The reliability of language performance measurement in language sample analysis of children aged 5-6 years]. Audiol. 2014;23(1):21-9. Persian.
[18] Spencer LJ, Guo LY. Consonant development in pediatric cochlear implant users who were implanted before 30 months of age. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2013;18(1):93-109. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/ens038]
[19] Ertmer DJ, Jung J. Prelinguistic vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients and typically developing infants: Year 1 of robust hearing experience. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2012;17(1):116-32. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enr021]
[20] Sundarrajan M, Tobey EA, Nicholas J, Geers AE. Assessing consonant production in children with cochlear implants. J Commun Disord. 2019;84:105966. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105966]
[21] Schauwers K, Gillis S, Govaerts PJ. The characteristics of prelexical babbling after cochlear implantation between 5 and 20 months of age. Ear Hear. 2008;29(4):627-37. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0b013e318174f03c]
[22] Salas-Provance MB, Spencer L, Nicholas JG, Tobey E. Emergence of speech sounds between 7 and 24 months of cochlear implant use. Cochlear Implants Int. 2014;15(4):222-9. [DOI:10.1179/1754762813Y.0000000046]
[23] Peng SC, Weiss AL, Cheung H, Lin YS. Consonant production and language skills in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(5):592-7. [DOI:10.1001/archotol.130.5.592]
[24] Tye-Murray N, Spencer L, Woodworth GG. Acquisition of speech by children who have prolonged cochlear implant experience. J Speech Hear Res. 1995;38(2):327-37. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3802.327]
[25] Gaul Bouchard ME, le Normand MT, Cohen H. Production of consonants by prelinguistically deaf children with cochlear implants. Clin Linguist Phon. 2007;21(11-12):875-84.[DOI:10.1080/02699200701653634]
[26] Ertmer JD, Goffman L. Speech production accuracy and variability in young cochlear implant recipients: Comparisons with typically developing age-peers. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54(1):177-89. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0165)]
[27] Rahimi M, Sadighi F, Razeghi S. A comparison of linguistic skills between Persian cochlear implant and normal-hearing children. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2013;11(2):11-9.
[28] Stoel-Gammon C. The acquisition of segmental phonology by normal and hearing-impaired children. In: Hochberg I, Levitt H, Osberger MJ, editors. Speech of the hearing-impaired. Research, training and personnel preparation. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1983. p. 267-80.
[29] Kent RD. The biology of phonological development. In: Ferguson CA, Menn L, Stoel-Gammon C, editors. Phonological development: models, research, implications. Parkton, MD: York Press; 1992. p. 65-90.
[2] Chin SB, Bergeson TR, Phan J. Speech intelligibility and prosody production in children with cochlear implants. J Commun Disord. 2012;45(5):355-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.05.003]
[3] Tobey EA. Speech production. In: Tyler R, editor. Cochlear implants: audiological foundations. San Diego, CA: Singualar Publishing Group; 1993. p. 257-316.
[4] Geers A, Moog J. Spoken language results: Vocabulary, syntax and communication. Volta Rev. 1994; 96:131-50.
[5] Chin SB, Tsai PL, Gao S. Connected speech intelligibility of children with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2003;12(4):440-51. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2003/090)]
[6] Ertmer DJ, Young NM, Nathani S. Profiles of vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2007;50(2):393-407. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/028)]
[7] Connor CM, Craig HK, Raudenbush SW, Heavner K, Zwolan TA. The age at which young deaf children receive cochlear implants and their vocabulary and speech-production growth: is there an added value for early implantation? Ear Hear. 2006;27(6):628-44. [DOI:10.1097/01.aud.0000240640.59205.42]
[8] Dettman SJ, Dowell RC, Choo D, Arnott W, Abrahams Y, Devis A, et al. Long-term communication outcomes for children receiving cochlear implants younger than 12 months: A multicenter study. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(2):e82-95. [DOI:10.1097/MAO.0000000000000915]
[9] Ertmer DJ, Kloiber DT, Jung J, Kirleis KC, Bradford D. Consonant production accuracy in young cochlear implant recipients: Developmental sound classes and word position effects. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2012;21(4):342-53. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0118)]
[10] Serry TA, Blamey PJ. A 4-year investigation into phonetic inventory development in young cochlear implant users. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(1):141-54. [DOI:10.1044/jslhr.4201.141]
[11] Blamey PJ, Barry JG, Jacq P. Phonetic inventory development in young cochlear implant users 6 years post-operation. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2001;44(1):73-9. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/007)]
[12] Shamsian F, Shirazi TS, Nilipoor R, Karimlu M. Evaluation and comparison of consonant production in cochlear-implanted children. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2010;6(2):108-16. Persian.
[13] Fatemi Syadar S, Zarrifian T, Modarresi Y, Zahedi MS, Ebrahimipour M, Biglarian A. Percentage of consonants correct for 3-5 years old Kurdish-speaking children with middle Kurmanji-Mukryani dialect. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2018;16(2):155-62. [DOI:10.32598/irj.16.2.155]
[14] Sohrabi M, Arani Kashani Z, Jalilevand N, Sanei H, Ajalloueyan M. Comparing speech intelligibility in 3 to 5 years old children with cochlear implants and normal children. Func Disabil J. 2018;1(3); 20-6.
[15] Damerchi Z, Jalilehvand N, Mahmoudi Bakhtiari B, Keyhani MR. [Development of phonetic inventory in 2-to-6 year-old Farsi speaking children]. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2009;5(1):42-7. Persian.
[16] Heydari S, Torabi Nezhad F, Agha Rasouli Z, Hoseyni F. [Development of speech intelligibility measurement test for 3 to 5 years old normal children]. Audiol. 2011;20(1):47-53. Persian.
[17] Soleymani Z, Nematzadeh S, Gholami Tehrani L, Rahgozar M. [The reliability of language performance measurement in language sample analysis of children aged 5-6 years]. Audiol. 2014;23(1):21-9. Persian.
[18] Spencer LJ, Guo LY. Consonant development in pediatric cochlear implant users who were implanted before 30 months of age. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2013;18(1):93-109. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/ens038]
[19] Ertmer DJ, Jung J. Prelinguistic vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients and typically developing infants: Year 1 of robust hearing experience. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2012;17(1):116-32. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enr021]
[20] Sundarrajan M, Tobey EA, Nicholas J, Geers AE. Assessing consonant production in children with cochlear implants. J Commun Disord. 2019;84:105966. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105966]
[21] Schauwers K, Gillis S, Govaerts PJ. The characteristics of prelexical babbling after cochlear implantation between 5 and 20 months of age. Ear Hear. 2008;29(4):627-37. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0b013e318174f03c]
[22] Salas-Provance MB, Spencer L, Nicholas JG, Tobey E. Emergence of speech sounds between 7 and 24 months of cochlear implant use. Cochlear Implants Int. 2014;15(4):222-9. [DOI:10.1179/1754762813Y.0000000046]
[23] Peng SC, Weiss AL, Cheung H, Lin YS. Consonant production and language skills in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(5):592-7. [DOI:10.1001/archotol.130.5.592]
[24] Tye-Murray N, Spencer L, Woodworth GG. Acquisition of speech by children who have prolonged cochlear implant experience. J Speech Hear Res. 1995;38(2):327-37. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3802.327]
[25] Gaul Bouchard ME, le Normand MT, Cohen H. Production of consonants by prelinguistically deaf children with cochlear implants. Clin Linguist Phon. 2007;21(11-12):875-84.[DOI:10.1080/02699200701653634]
[26] Ertmer JD, Goffman L. Speech production accuracy and variability in young cochlear implant recipients: Comparisons with typically developing age-peers. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54(1):177-89. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0165)]
[27] Rahimi M, Sadighi F, Razeghi S. A comparison of linguistic skills between Persian cochlear implant and normal-hearing children. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2013;11(2):11-9.
[28] Stoel-Gammon C. The acquisition of segmental phonology by normal and hearing-impaired children. In: Hochberg I, Levitt H, Osberger MJ, editors. Speech of the hearing-impaired. Research, training and personnel preparation. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1983. p. 267-80.
[29] Kent RD. The biology of phonological development. In: Ferguson CA, Menn L, Stoel-Gammon C, editors. Phonological development: models, research, implications. Parkton, MD: York Press; 1992. p. 65-90.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 31 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v31i2.9114 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cochlear implant consonant production consonant accuracy | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sohrabi M, Jalilevand N. Consonant Production Skills in Children with Cochlear Implants and Normal-Hearing Children Aged 3–5 Years. Aud Vestib Res. 2022;31(2):98-103.
