Experiencing polyphonic music may enhance memories retention
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Early experience, provide opportunity for later associative experiential learning by affecting multisensory systems. This phenomenon may because of the influences which sensory stimuli as sounds would have on non-auditory neural centers rather than just deploying hearing system, so the question is whether music as a kind of complex sound source, could help in general cognitive functions such as memory circuits or, conversely, it acts as a distracting factor. This study was investigated the effect of auditory experience with special kind of music, called polyphonic music, on auditory, visual and logical memories function.
Methods: Forty volunteers with normal hearing, aged 18 to 40 years, were participated in this experimental study. They were performed with Ray auditory verbal learning test, Kim Karad visual memory test, and Wechsler logical memory subtest in two states: no-music condition and music condition with a polyphonic piece as background music. Memory functions in these two conditions, and the effect of gender on performances, were compared between conditions.
Results: Polyphonic music significantly increased auditory, visual and logical memory performance compared with the no-music conditions (p < 0.05). No significant difference between genders was found in memory tasks in both music and no-music conditions (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that presence of polyphonic music while people had enough auditory experience about it, impress memory performance. It is possibly owning to multisensory functions of brain and the effect of auditory experiences on cognitive system.
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2. Engle RW, Tuholski SW, Laughlin JE, Conway AR. Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1999;128(3):309-31. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309
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5. Bigler ED, Mortensen S, Neeley ES, Ozonoff S, Krasny L, Johnson M, et al. Superior temporal gyrus, language function, and autism. Dev Neuropsychol. 2007;31(2):217-38. doi: 10.1080/87565640701190841
6. Jou RJ, Minshew NJ, Keshavan MS, Vitale MP, Hardan AY. Enlarged right superior temporal gyrus in children and adolescents with autism. Brain Res. 2010;1360:205-12. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.005
7. Hadland KA, Rushworth MF, Gaffan D, Passingham RE. The effect of cingulate lesions on social behaviour and emotion. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(8):919-31. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00325-1
8. Stanislav K, Alexander V, Maria P, Evgenia N, Boris V. Anatomical characteristics of cingulate cortex and neuropsychological memory tests performance. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;86:128-33. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.537
9. Mégevand P, Groppe DM, Goldfinger MS, Hwang ST, Kingsley PB, Davidesco I, et al. Seeing scenes: topographic visual hallucinations evoked by direct electrical stimulation of the parahippocampal place area.. J Neurosci. 2014;34(16):5399-405. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5202-13.2014
10. Reuter P. Der Grobe Reuter Springer Universalworterbuch Medizin, Pharmakologie Und Zahnmedizin: Englisch-deutsch (Band 2). Birkhäuser; 2005.
11. Welborn EL, English H. Logical learning and retention: a general review of experiments with meaningful verbal materials. Psychol Bull. 1937;34(1):1-20. doi: 10.1037/h0063055
12. Sass KJ, Sass A, Westerveld M, Lencz T, Novelly RA, Kim JH, et al. Specificity in the correlation of verbal memory and hippocampal neuron loss: dissociation of memory, language, and verbal intellectual ability. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1992;14(5):662-72. doi: 10.1080/01688639208402854
13. Griffith HR, Pyzalski RW, Seidenberg M, Hermann BP. Memory relationships between MRI volumes and resting PET metabolism of medial temporal lobe structures. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(5):669-76. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.06.020
14. Ardila A, Rosselli M, Rosas P. Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates: visuospatial and memory abilities. Brain Cogn. 1989;11(2):147-66. doi: 10.1016/0278-2626(89)90015-8
15. Schellenberg EG. Examining the association between music lessons and intelligence. Br J Psychol. 2011;102(3):283-302. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02000.x
16. Näätänen R, Paavilainen P, Alho K, Reinikainen K, Sams M. Do event-related potentials reveal the mechanism of the auditory sensory memory in the human brain? Neurosci Lett. 1989;98(2):217-21. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90513-2
17. Zajonc RB. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1968;9(2 Pt 2):1-27. doi: 10.1037/h0025848
18. Gilliland AR, Moore HT. The immediate and long time effects of classical and popular phonograph selections. J Appl Psychol. 1924;8(3):309-23. doi: 1037/h0069999
19. Tallet C, Rakotomahandry M, Guérin C, Lemasson A, Hausberger M. Postnatal auditory preferences in piglets differ according to maternal emotional experience with the same sounds during gestation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37238. doi: 10.1038/srep37238
20. Ross B, Tremblay K. Stimulus experience modifies auditory neuromagnetic responses in young and older listeners. Hear Res. 2009;248(1-2):48-59. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2008.11.012
21. Strait DL, Kraus N, Parbery-Clark A, Ashley R. Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: evidence from masking and auditory attention performance. Hear Res. 2010;261(1-2):22-9. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.12.021
22. Skoe E, Kraus N. Auditory reserve and the legacy of auditory experience. Brain Sci. 2014;4(4):575-93. doi: 10.3390/brainsci4040575
23. Oliver DL, Izquierdo MA, Malmierca MS. Persistent effects of early augmented acoustic environment on the auditory brainstem. Neuroscience. 2011;184:75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.001
24. George EM, Coch D. Music training and working memory: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(5):1083-94. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.001
25. Besson M, Faita F. An event-related potential (ERP) study of musical expectancy: Comparison of musicians with nonmusicians. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1995;21(6):1278-96. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.21.6.1278
26. Platel H, Price C, Baron JC, Wise R, Lambert J, Frackowiak RS, et al. The structural components of music perception. A functional anatomical study. Brain. 1997;120 ( Pt 2):229-43.
27. Maiello S. The sound-object: A hypothesis about prenatal auditory experience and memory. Journal of Child Psychotherapy. 1995;21(1):23-41. doi: 10.1080/00754179508254905
28. Janata P, Tillmann B, Bharucha JJ. Listening to polyphonic music recruits domain-general attention and working memory circuits. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2002;2(2):121-40.
29. Crawford HJ, Strapp CM. Effects of vocal and instrumental music on visuospatial and verbal performance as moderated by studying preference and personality. Pers Individ Dif. 1994;16(2):237-45. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90162-7
30. Katagiri J. The effect of background music and song texts on the emotional understanding of children with autism. J Music Ther. 2009;46(1):15-31.
31. Wallentin M, Nielsen AH, Friis-Olivarius M, Vuust C, Vuust P. The Musical Ear Test, a new reliable test for measuring musical competence. Learn Individ Differ. 2010;20(3):188-96. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.02.004
32. Jafari Z, Steffen Moritz P, Zandi T, Aliakbari Kamrani A, Malyeri S. [Psychometric properties of persian version of the rey auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT) among the elderly]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2010;16(1):56-64. Persian.
33. Van der Elst W, van Boxtel MP, van Breukelen GJ, Jolles J. Rey's verbal learning test: normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24-81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11(3):290-302. doi: 10.1017/S1355617705050344
34. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, Fischer JS. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
35. Malloy-Diniz LF, Lasmar VA, Gazinelli Lde S, Fuentes D, Salgado JV. The rey auditory-verbal learning test: applicability for the Brazilian elderly population. Braz J Psychiatry. 2007;29(4):324-9.
36. Slevc LR, Davey NS, Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM. Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions. Cognition. 2016;152:199-211. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.201s6.03.017
37. Thompson WF, Schellenberg EG, Letnic AK. Fast and loud background music disrupts reading comprehension. Psychol Music. 2012;40(6):700-8. doi: 10.1177/0305735611400173
38. Nichols ES, Grahn JA. Neural correlates of audiovisual integration in music reading. Neuropsychologia. 2016;91:199-210. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.011
39. Gotlieb H, Konečni VJ. The effects of instrumentation, playing style, and structure in the goldberg variations by johann sebastian bach. Music Percept. 1985;3(1):87-101. doi: 10.2307/40285323
40. Gordon-Hickey S, Moore RE. Influence of music and music preference on acceptable noise levels in listeners with normal hearing. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007;18(5):417-27. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.18.5.6
41. Bolla-Wilson K, Bleecker ML. Influence of verbal intelligence, sex, age, and education on the rey auditory verbal learning test. Dev Neuropsychol. 1986;2(3):203-11. doi: 10.1080/87565648609540342
42. Matloubi S, Mohammadzadeh A, Jafari Z, Akbarzade Baghban A. [Effect of background music on auditory-verbal memory performance]. Audiol. 2014;23(5):27-34. Persian.
43. McGivern RF, Huston JP, Byrd D, King T, Siegle GJ, Reilly J. Sex differences in visual recognition memory: support for a sex-related difference in attention in adults and children. Brain Cogn. 1997;34(3):323-36. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1997.0872
44. Herlitz A, Airaksinen E, Nordström E. Sex differences in episodic memory: the impact of verbal and visuospatial ability. Neuropsychology. 1999;13(4):590-7.
45. Gresack JE, Frick KM. Male mice exhibit better spatial working and reference memory than females in a water-escape radial arm maze task. Brain Res. 2003;982(1):98-107. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03000-2
46. Janowsky JS, Chavez B, Orwoll E. Sex steroids modify working memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000;12(3):407-14. doi: 10.1162/089892900562228
47. Bialystok E, Depape AM. Musical expertise, bilingualism, and executive functioning. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2009;35(2):565-74. doi: 10.1037/a0012735
2. Engle RW, Tuholski SW, Laughlin JE, Conway AR. Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1999;128(3):309-31. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309
3. Wright M. The hippocampus. WikiJournal of Medicine. 2017;4(1):3. doi: 10.15347/wjm/2017.003
4. Grasby PM, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Bench C, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory--verbal memory function. Brain. 1993;116 (Pt 1):1-20. doi: 10.1093/brain/116.1.1
5. Bigler ED, Mortensen S, Neeley ES, Ozonoff S, Krasny L, Johnson M, et al. Superior temporal gyrus, language function, and autism. Dev Neuropsychol. 2007;31(2):217-38. doi: 10.1080/87565640701190841
6. Jou RJ, Minshew NJ, Keshavan MS, Vitale MP, Hardan AY. Enlarged right superior temporal gyrus in children and adolescents with autism. Brain Res. 2010;1360:205-12. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.005
7. Hadland KA, Rushworth MF, Gaffan D, Passingham RE. The effect of cingulate lesions on social behaviour and emotion. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(8):919-31. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00325-1
8. Stanislav K, Alexander V, Maria P, Evgenia N, Boris V. Anatomical characteristics of cingulate cortex and neuropsychological memory tests performance. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;86:128-33. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.537
9. Mégevand P, Groppe DM, Goldfinger MS, Hwang ST, Kingsley PB, Davidesco I, et al. Seeing scenes: topographic visual hallucinations evoked by direct electrical stimulation of the parahippocampal place area.. J Neurosci. 2014;34(16):5399-405. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5202-13.2014
10. Reuter P. Der Grobe Reuter Springer Universalworterbuch Medizin, Pharmakologie Und Zahnmedizin: Englisch-deutsch (Band 2). Birkhäuser; 2005.
11. Welborn EL, English H. Logical learning and retention: a general review of experiments with meaningful verbal materials. Psychol Bull. 1937;34(1):1-20. doi: 10.1037/h0063055
12. Sass KJ, Sass A, Westerveld M, Lencz T, Novelly RA, Kim JH, et al. Specificity in the correlation of verbal memory and hippocampal neuron loss: dissociation of memory, language, and verbal intellectual ability. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1992;14(5):662-72. doi: 10.1080/01688639208402854
13. Griffith HR, Pyzalski RW, Seidenberg M, Hermann BP. Memory relationships between MRI volumes and resting PET metabolism of medial temporal lobe structures. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(5):669-76. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.06.020
14. Ardila A, Rosselli M, Rosas P. Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates: visuospatial and memory abilities. Brain Cogn. 1989;11(2):147-66. doi: 10.1016/0278-2626(89)90015-8
15. Schellenberg EG. Examining the association between music lessons and intelligence. Br J Psychol. 2011;102(3):283-302. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02000.x
16. Näätänen R, Paavilainen P, Alho K, Reinikainen K, Sams M. Do event-related potentials reveal the mechanism of the auditory sensory memory in the human brain? Neurosci Lett. 1989;98(2):217-21. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90513-2
17. Zajonc RB. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1968;9(2 Pt 2):1-27. doi: 10.1037/h0025848
18. Gilliland AR, Moore HT. The immediate and long time effects of classical and popular phonograph selections. J Appl Psychol. 1924;8(3):309-23. doi: 1037/h0069999
19. Tallet C, Rakotomahandry M, Guérin C, Lemasson A, Hausberger M. Postnatal auditory preferences in piglets differ according to maternal emotional experience with the same sounds during gestation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37238. doi: 10.1038/srep37238
20. Ross B, Tremblay K. Stimulus experience modifies auditory neuromagnetic responses in young and older listeners. Hear Res. 2009;248(1-2):48-59. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2008.11.012
21. Strait DL, Kraus N, Parbery-Clark A, Ashley R. Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: evidence from masking and auditory attention performance. Hear Res. 2010;261(1-2):22-9. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.12.021
22. Skoe E, Kraus N. Auditory reserve and the legacy of auditory experience. Brain Sci. 2014;4(4):575-93. doi: 10.3390/brainsci4040575
23. Oliver DL, Izquierdo MA, Malmierca MS. Persistent effects of early augmented acoustic environment on the auditory brainstem. Neuroscience. 2011;184:75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.001
24. George EM, Coch D. Music training and working memory: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(5):1083-94. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.001
25. Besson M, Faita F. An event-related potential (ERP) study of musical expectancy: Comparison of musicians with nonmusicians. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1995;21(6):1278-96. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.21.6.1278
26. Platel H, Price C, Baron JC, Wise R, Lambert J, Frackowiak RS, et al. The structural components of music perception. A functional anatomical study. Brain. 1997;120 ( Pt 2):229-43.
27. Maiello S. The sound-object: A hypothesis about prenatal auditory experience and memory. Journal of Child Psychotherapy. 1995;21(1):23-41. doi: 10.1080/00754179508254905
28. Janata P, Tillmann B, Bharucha JJ. Listening to polyphonic music recruits domain-general attention and working memory circuits. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2002;2(2):121-40.
29. Crawford HJ, Strapp CM. Effects of vocal and instrumental music on visuospatial and verbal performance as moderated by studying preference and personality. Pers Individ Dif. 1994;16(2):237-45. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90162-7
30. Katagiri J. The effect of background music and song texts on the emotional understanding of children with autism. J Music Ther. 2009;46(1):15-31.
31. Wallentin M, Nielsen AH, Friis-Olivarius M, Vuust C, Vuust P. The Musical Ear Test, a new reliable test for measuring musical competence. Learn Individ Differ. 2010;20(3):188-96. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.02.004
32. Jafari Z, Steffen Moritz P, Zandi T, Aliakbari Kamrani A, Malyeri S. [Psychometric properties of persian version of the rey auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT) among the elderly]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2010;16(1):56-64. Persian.
33. Van der Elst W, van Boxtel MP, van Breukelen GJ, Jolles J. Rey's verbal learning test: normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24-81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11(3):290-302. doi: 10.1017/S1355617705050344
34. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, Fischer JS. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
35. Malloy-Diniz LF, Lasmar VA, Gazinelli Lde S, Fuentes D, Salgado JV. The rey auditory-verbal learning test: applicability for the Brazilian elderly population. Braz J Psychiatry. 2007;29(4):324-9.
36. Slevc LR, Davey NS, Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM. Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions. Cognition. 2016;152:199-211. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.201s6.03.017
37. Thompson WF, Schellenberg EG, Letnic AK. Fast and loud background music disrupts reading comprehension. Psychol Music. 2012;40(6):700-8. doi: 10.1177/0305735611400173
38. Nichols ES, Grahn JA. Neural correlates of audiovisual integration in music reading. Neuropsychologia. 2016;91:199-210. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.011
39. Gotlieb H, Konečni VJ. The effects of instrumentation, playing style, and structure in the goldberg variations by johann sebastian bach. Music Percept. 1985;3(1):87-101. doi: 10.2307/40285323
40. Gordon-Hickey S, Moore RE. Influence of music and music preference on acceptable noise levels in listeners with normal hearing. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007;18(5):417-27. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.18.5.6
41. Bolla-Wilson K, Bleecker ML. Influence of verbal intelligence, sex, age, and education on the rey auditory verbal learning test. Dev Neuropsychol. 1986;2(3):203-11. doi: 10.1080/87565648609540342
42. Matloubi S, Mohammadzadeh A, Jafari Z, Akbarzade Baghban A. [Effect of background music on auditory-verbal memory performance]. Audiol. 2014;23(5):27-34. Persian.
43. McGivern RF, Huston JP, Byrd D, King T, Siegle GJ, Reilly J. Sex differences in visual recognition memory: support for a sex-related difference in attention in adults and children. Brain Cogn. 1997;34(3):323-36. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1997.0872
44. Herlitz A, Airaksinen E, Nordström E. Sex differences in episodic memory: the impact of verbal and visuospatial ability. Neuropsychology. 1999;13(4):590-7.
45. Gresack JE, Frick KM. Male mice exhibit better spatial working and reference memory than females in a water-escape radial arm maze task. Brain Res. 2003;982(1):98-107. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03000-2
46. Janowsky JS, Chavez B, Orwoll E. Sex steroids modify working memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000;12(3):407-14. doi: 10.1162/089892900562228
47. Bialystok E, Depape AM. Musical expertise, bilingualism, and executive functioning. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2009;35(2):565-74. doi: 10.1037/a0012735
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 28 No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v28i2.865 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Auditory experience; polyphonic music; auditory-verbal memory; visual memory; logical memory | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Habib Zadeh S, Rouhbakhsh N, Mohammadkhani G. Experiencing polyphonic music may enhance memories retention. Aud Vestib Res. 2019;28(2):106-115.
