Effects of learning to play stringed instruments in adulthood on frequency discrimination by pitch pattern sequence test
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Frequency discrimination is an important skill in central auditory processing which plays a critical role in proper reading, writing, and speech perception. Music training is among the ways that improve this skill. Most of the reviewed literature is based on the impact of learning music on the early stages of childhood. Therefore, if the tests used in the assessment of central auditory system are proved to be effective in music training in adulthood, they could be recommended as an appropriate option for adult central auditory processing disorder rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of learning to play stringed instruments in adulthood on frequency discrimination by pitch pattern sequence test.
Methods: This cross-sectional and non-interventional study was performed on 46 normal hearing subjects aged 20-45 years, 28 non-musicians and 18 musicians who were trained to play music as an adult. They were compared by PPST. The results were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance.
Results: There was a significant difference between the average scores of the two groups, the non-musicians and the musicians, for both ears (p<0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two test results in both groups gender wise (p>0.05).
Conclusion: More correct answers of musicians indicated their better frequency discrimination compared to non-musicians, which could be a reason for improvement in the performance of the central auditory system caused by music training even in the verge of adulthood.
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2. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Central auditory processing: current status of research and implications for clinical practice [Technical Report]. 1996. Available from www.asha.org/policy.
3. Lucker JR. The history of auditory processing disorders in children. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. 33-58.
4. Grose JH, Mamo SK. Processing of temporal fine structure as a function of age. Ear Hear. 2010;31(6):755-60. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181e627e7
5. Helfer KS, Vargo M. Speech recognition and temporal processing in middle-aged women. J Am Acad Audiol. 2009;20(4):264-71. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.20.4.6
6. Berlin CI. Foreword. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. xi-ix.
7. Kraus N, Chandrasekaran B. Music training for the development of auditory skills. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(8):599-605. doi: 10.1038/nrn2882
8. Slater J, Skoe E, Strait DL, O'Connell S, Thompson E, Kraus N. Music training improves speech-in-noise perception: Longitudinal evidence from a community-based music program. Behav Brain Res. 2015;291:244-52. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.026
9. Levitin DJ, Zatorre RJ. On the Nature of early music training and absolute pitch: a reply to brown, sachs, cammuso, and folstein. Music Percept. 2003;21(1):105-10. doi: 10.1525/mp.2003.21.1.105
10. Watanabe D, Savion-Lemieux T, Penhune VB. The effect of early musical training on adult motor performance: evidence for a sensitive period in motor learning. Exp Brain Res. 2007;176(2):332-40. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0619-z
11. Trainor LJ, Shahin A, Roberts LE. Effects of musical training on the auditory cortex in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;999:506-13.
12. Tierney AT, Krizman J, Kraus N. Music training alters the course of adolescent auditory development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(32):10062-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505114112
13. Kraus N, Strait DL. Emergence of biological markers of musicianship with school-based music instruction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1337:163-9. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12631
14. Kraus N, White-Schwoch T. Music training: lifelong investment to protect the brain from aging and hearing loss. Acoust Aust. 2014;42(2):117-23.
15. Banai K, Kraus N. Neurobiology of (central) auditory processing disorder and language-based learning disability. In: Musiek FE, Chermak GD, editors. Handbook of (central) auditory processing disorders: volume 1: auditory neuroscience and diagnosis. 1st ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc; 2006. p. 89-116.
16. Stuart A. Development of auditory temporal resolution in school-age children revealed by word recognition in continuous and interrupted noise. Ear Hear. 2005;26(1):78-88.
17. Rawool VW. Temporal processing in the auditory system. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. 227-50.
18. Musacchia G, Sams M, Skoe E, Kraus N. Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(40):15894-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701498104
19. Tillery KL. Central auditory processing evaluation: a test battery approach. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 545-60.
20. Patel AD. Why would musical training benefit the neural encoding of speech? The OPERA hypothesis. Front Psychol. 2011;2:142. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00142
21. Wong PC, Skoe E, Russo NM, Dees T, Kraus N. Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(4):420-2. doi: 10.1038/nn1872
22. Meyer M, Elmer S, Ringli M, Oechslin MS, Baumann S, Jancke L. Long-term exposure to music enhances the sensitivity of the auditory system in children. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;34(5):755-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07795.x
23. Musiek FE. Frequency (pitch) and duration pattern tests. J Am Acad Audiol. 1994;5(4):265-8.
24. Hunter LL, Sanford CA. Tympanometry and wideband acoustic immittance. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 137-62.
25. Feeney MP, Schairer KS. Acoustic stapedius reflex measurments. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 165-86.
26. Schlauch RS, Nelson P. Puretone evaluation. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 29-47.
27. McArdle R, Hnath-Chisolm T. Speech audiometry. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 61-76.
28. Auditec. Evaluation manual of pitch pattern sequence and duration pattern sequence. St. Louis, Missouri; 1997.
29. Sbinn JB. Temporal processing tests. In: Musiek FE, Chermak GD, editors. Handbook of central auditory processing disorder, Volume I: auditory neuroscience and diagnosis. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc; 2014. p. 405-34.
30. Krishnan A, Gandour JT, Bidelman GM. The effects of tone language experience on pitch processing in the brainstem. J Neurolinguistics. 2010;23(1):81-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.09.001
31. Kraus N, Skoe E, Parbery-Clark A, Ashley R. Experience-induced malleability in neural encoding of pitch, timbre, and timing. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169:543-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04549.x
32. Gaser C, Schlaug G. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. J Neurosci. 2003;23(27):9240-5.
33. Weihing J, Musiek FE. Dichotic interaural intensity difference (DIID) Training. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. 447-68.
34. Chen JK, Chuang AY, McMahon C, Hsieh JC, Tung TH, Li LP. Music training improves pitch perception in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):e793-800. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3620
35. Onoda RM, Pereira LD, Guilherme A. Temporal processing and dichotic listening in bilingual and non-bilingual descendants. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;72(6):737-46.
36. Nascimento FM, Monteiro RAM, Soares CD, da Costa Ferreira MID. Temporal sequencing abilities in musicians violinists and non-musicians. Arquivos Int. Otorrinolaringol. 2010;14(2):217-24. doi: 10.7162/S1809-48722010000200012
37. Musiek FE. The frequency pattern test: A guide. Hear J. 2002;55(6):58. doi: 10.1097/01.HJ.0000293280.99394.dd
38. Delecrode CR, Cardoso ACV, Frizzo ACF, Guida HL. Pitch pattern sequence and duration pattern tests in Brazil: literature review. Rev. CEFAC. 2014;16(1):283-93. doi: 10.1590/1982-021620143912
39. Shahin A, Bosnyak DJ, Trainor LJ, Roberts LE. Enhancement of neuroplastic P2 and N1c auditory evoked potentials in musicians. J Neurosci. 2003;23(13):5545-52.
40. Tervaniemi M, Just V, Koelsch S, Widmann A, Schröger E. Pitch discrimination accuracy in musicians vs nonmusicians: an event-related potential and behavioral study. Exp Brain Res. 2005;161(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2044-5
41. Besson M, Schön D, Moreno S, Santos A, Magne C. Influence of musical expertise and musical training on pitch processing in music and language. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2007;25(3-4):399-410.
42. Majak J, Zamysłowska-Szmytke E, Rajkowska E, Śliwińska-Kowalska M. Auditory temporal processing tests - normative data for polish-speaking adults. Med Pr. 2015;66(2):145-52. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.00041
43. Wittmann M, Szelag E. Sex differences in perception of temporal order. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96(1):105-12. doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.105
44. Rosen GD, Sherman GF, Galaburda AM. Ontogenesis of neocortical asymmetry: A [3H] thymidine study. Neuroscience. 1991;41(2-3):779-90.
2. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Central auditory processing: current status of research and implications for clinical practice [Technical Report]. 1996. Available from www.asha.org/policy.
3. Lucker JR. The history of auditory processing disorders in children. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. 33-58.
4. Grose JH, Mamo SK. Processing of temporal fine structure as a function of age. Ear Hear. 2010;31(6):755-60. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181e627e7
5. Helfer KS, Vargo M. Speech recognition and temporal processing in middle-aged women. J Am Acad Audiol. 2009;20(4):264-71. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.20.4.6
6. Berlin CI. Foreword. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. xi-ix.
7. Kraus N, Chandrasekaran B. Music training for the development of auditory skills. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(8):599-605. doi: 10.1038/nrn2882
8. Slater J, Skoe E, Strait DL, O'Connell S, Thompson E, Kraus N. Music training improves speech-in-noise perception: Longitudinal evidence from a community-based music program. Behav Brain Res. 2015;291:244-52. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.026
9. Levitin DJ, Zatorre RJ. On the Nature of early music training and absolute pitch: a reply to brown, sachs, cammuso, and folstein. Music Percept. 2003;21(1):105-10. doi: 10.1525/mp.2003.21.1.105
10. Watanabe D, Savion-Lemieux T, Penhune VB. The effect of early musical training on adult motor performance: evidence for a sensitive period in motor learning. Exp Brain Res. 2007;176(2):332-40. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0619-z
11. Trainor LJ, Shahin A, Roberts LE. Effects of musical training on the auditory cortex in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;999:506-13.
12. Tierney AT, Krizman J, Kraus N. Music training alters the course of adolescent auditory development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(32):10062-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505114112
13. Kraus N, Strait DL. Emergence of biological markers of musicianship with school-based music instruction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1337:163-9. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12631
14. Kraus N, White-Schwoch T. Music training: lifelong investment to protect the brain from aging and hearing loss. Acoust Aust. 2014;42(2):117-23.
15. Banai K, Kraus N. Neurobiology of (central) auditory processing disorder and language-based learning disability. In: Musiek FE, Chermak GD, editors. Handbook of (central) auditory processing disorders: volume 1: auditory neuroscience and diagnosis. 1st ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc; 2006. p. 89-116.
16. Stuart A. Development of auditory temporal resolution in school-age children revealed by word recognition in continuous and interrupted noise. Ear Hear. 2005;26(1):78-88.
17. Rawool VW. Temporal processing in the auditory system. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. 227-50.
18. Musacchia G, Sams M, Skoe E, Kraus N. Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(40):15894-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701498104
19. Tillery KL. Central auditory processing evaluation: a test battery approach. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 545-60.
20. Patel AD. Why would musical training benefit the neural encoding of speech? The OPERA hypothesis. Front Psychol. 2011;2:142. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00142
21. Wong PC, Skoe E, Russo NM, Dees T, Kraus N. Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(4):420-2. doi: 10.1038/nn1872
22. Meyer M, Elmer S, Ringli M, Oechslin MS, Baumann S, Jancke L. Long-term exposure to music enhances the sensitivity of the auditory system in children. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;34(5):755-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07795.x
23. Musiek FE. Frequency (pitch) and duration pattern tests. J Am Acad Audiol. 1994;5(4):265-8.
24. Hunter LL, Sanford CA. Tympanometry and wideband acoustic immittance. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 137-62.
25. Feeney MP, Schairer KS. Acoustic stapedius reflex measurments. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 165-86.
26. Schlauch RS, Nelson P. Puretone evaluation. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 29-47.
27. McArdle R, Hnath-Chisolm T. Speech audiometry. In: Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL, editors. Handbook of clinical audiology. 7th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2014. p. 61-76.
28. Auditec. Evaluation manual of pitch pattern sequence and duration pattern sequence. St. Louis, Missouri; 1997.
29. Sbinn JB. Temporal processing tests. In: Musiek FE, Chermak GD, editors. Handbook of central auditory processing disorder, Volume I: auditory neuroscience and diagnosis. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing Inc; 2014. p. 405-34.
30. Krishnan A, Gandour JT, Bidelman GM. The effects of tone language experience on pitch processing in the brainstem. J Neurolinguistics. 2010;23(1):81-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.09.001
31. Kraus N, Skoe E, Parbery-Clark A, Ashley R. Experience-induced malleability in neural encoding of pitch, timbre, and timing. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169:543-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04549.x
32. Gaser C, Schlaug G. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. J Neurosci. 2003;23(27):9240-5.
33. Weihing J, Musiek FE. Dichotic interaural intensity difference (DIID) Training. In: Geffner D, Ross-Swain D, editors. Auditory processing disorders: assessment, management, and treatment. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2013. p. 447-68.
34. Chen JK, Chuang AY, McMahon C, Hsieh JC, Tung TH, Li LP. Music training improves pitch perception in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):e793-800. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3620
35. Onoda RM, Pereira LD, Guilherme A. Temporal processing and dichotic listening in bilingual and non-bilingual descendants. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;72(6):737-46.
36. Nascimento FM, Monteiro RAM, Soares CD, da Costa Ferreira MID. Temporal sequencing abilities in musicians violinists and non-musicians. Arquivos Int. Otorrinolaringol. 2010;14(2):217-24. doi: 10.7162/S1809-48722010000200012
37. Musiek FE. The frequency pattern test: A guide. Hear J. 2002;55(6):58. doi: 10.1097/01.HJ.0000293280.99394.dd
38. Delecrode CR, Cardoso ACV, Frizzo ACF, Guida HL. Pitch pattern sequence and duration pattern tests in Brazil: literature review. Rev. CEFAC. 2014;16(1):283-93. doi: 10.1590/1982-021620143912
39. Shahin A, Bosnyak DJ, Trainor LJ, Roberts LE. Enhancement of neuroplastic P2 and N1c auditory evoked potentials in musicians. J Neurosci. 2003;23(13):5545-52.
40. Tervaniemi M, Just V, Koelsch S, Widmann A, Schröger E. Pitch discrimination accuracy in musicians vs nonmusicians: an event-related potential and behavioral study. Exp Brain Res. 2005;161(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2044-5
41. Besson M, Schön D, Moreno S, Santos A, Magne C. Influence of musical expertise and musical training on pitch processing in music and language. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2007;25(3-4):399-410.
42. Majak J, Zamysłowska-Szmytke E, Rajkowska E, Śliwińska-Kowalska M. Auditory temporal processing tests - normative data for polish-speaking adults. Med Pr. 2015;66(2):145-52. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.00041
43. Wittmann M, Szelag E. Sex differences in perception of temporal order. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96(1):105-12. doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.105
44. Rosen GD, Sherman GF, Galaburda AM. Ontogenesis of neocortical asymmetry: A [3H] thymidine study. Neuroscience. 1991;41(2-3):779-90.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 27 No 3 (2018) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v27i3.58 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Central auditory processing music training frequency discrimination pitch pattern sequence test frequency pattern test | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Jalilvand Karimi L, Rahimi M, Akbarzadeh Baghban A. Effects of learning to play stringed instruments in adulthood on frequency discrimination by pitch pattern sequence test. Aud Vestib Res. 2018;27(3):157-163.
