Functional balance tests
Abstract
Background and Aim: All activities of daily living need to balance control in static and dynamic movements. In recent years, a numerous increase can be seen in the functional balance assessment tools. Functional balance tests emphasize on static and dynamic balance, balance in weight transfer, the equilibrium response to the imbalances, and functional mobility. These standardized and available tests assess performance and require minimal or no equipment and short time to run. Functional balance is prerequisite for the most static and dynamic activities in daily life and needs sufficient interaction between sensory and motor systems. According to the critical role of balance in everyday life, and wide application of functional balance tests in the diagnosis and assessment of patients, a review of the functional balance tests was performed.
Methods: The Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Magiran, Iran Medex, and IranDoc databases were reviewed and the reliable and valid tests which were mostly used by Iranian researchers were assessed.
Conclusion: It seems that Berg balance scale (BBS) have been studied by Iranian and foreign researches more than the other tests. This test has high reliability and validity in elderly and in the most neurological disorders.
1. Du H, Newton PJ, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;8(1):2-8.
2. Rostagno C, Gensini GF. Six minute walk test: a simple and useful test to evaluate functional capacity in patients with heart failure. Intern Emerg Med. 2008;3(3):205-12.
3. Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(10):1025-9.
4. Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):P239-43.
5. Kempen GI, Yardley L, van Haastregt JC, Zijlstra GA, Beyer N, Hauer K, et al. The Short FES-I: a shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international to assess fear of falling. Age Ageing. 2008;37(1):45-50.
6. Mosallanezhad Z, Salavati M, Hellström K, Reza Sotoudeh G, Nilsson Wikmar L, Frändin K. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(25-26):2446-53.
7. Neuls PD, Clark TL, Van Heuklon NC, Proctor JE, Kilker BJ, Bieber ME, et al. Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale to predict falls in the elderly. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011;34(1):3-10.
8. Aryan R, Shaterzadeh MJ, Sharafodinzadeh N, Goharpey Sh, Arastoo AA. Investigation of body balance in people with multiple sclerosis in Khouzestan province: use of clinical functional balance tests. Jundishapur Sci Med J Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med S. 2010;9(1):35-43. Persian.
9. Alzayer L, Beninato M, Portney LG. The accuracy of individual Berg Balance Scale items compared with the total Berg score for classifying people with chronic stroke according to fall history. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(3):136-43.
10. Ghanavati T, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Goharpey S, Arastoo AA. Functional balance in diabetic neuropathy. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;11(1):1-9. Persian.
11. Hosseinabadi MR, Taheri HR, Alavinia SM, Keavanlou F, Seyedahmadi M, Rahimi N. The impact four week of physical therapy on exaggerated muscle tonicity, balance and quality of life in hemi paresis patients. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2011;3(2):17-22. Persian.
12. Romero S, Bishop MD, Velozo CA, Light K. Minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale and Dynamic Gait Index in Older persons at risk for falling. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011;34(3):131-7.
13. Ghanavati T, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Goharpey S, Arastoo AA. Functional balance in elderly with diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96(1):24-8.
14. Fathi Rezaie Z, Aslankhani MA, Farsi A, Abdoli B, Zamani Sani SH. A comparison of three functional tests of balance in identifying fallers from non-fallers in elderly people. Knowledge & Health Journal. 2010;4(4):22-7. Persian.
15. Waninge A, van Wijck R, Steenbergen B, van der Schans CP. Feasibility and reliability of the modified Berg Balance Scale in persons with severe intellectual and visual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2011;55(3):292-301.
16. Asgari T, Hadian MR, Nakhostin Ansari N, Abdolvahab M, Jalili M, Faghihzadeh S. Inter& intra rater reliability of Berg Balance Scale for evaluation of the balance in children with spastic hemieplegia. Modern Rehabilitation. 2007;1(2-3):31-7. Persian.
17. Newstead AH, Hinman MR, Tomberlin JA. Reliability of the Berg Balance Scale and balance master limits of stability tests for individuals with brain injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2005;29(1):18-23.
18. Holbein-Jenny MA, Billek-Sawhney B, Beckman E, Smith T. Balance in personal care home residents: a comparison of the Berg Balance Scale, the Multi-Directional Reach Test, and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28(2):48-53.
19. Kembhavi G, Darrah J, Magill-Evans J, Loomis J. Using the berg balance scale to distinguish balance abilities in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2002;14(2):92-9.
20. Stevenson TJ. Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg Balance Scale. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47(1):29-38.
21. Langley FA, Mackintosh SFH. Functional balance assessment of older community dwelling adults: a systematic review of the literature. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2007;5(4):1-11.
22. Sahin F, Yilmaz F, Ozmaden A, Kotevolu N, Sahin T, Kuran B. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Berg Balance Scale. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(1):32-7.
23. Taherzadeh J, Taheri H, Pejhan A, Seyedahmadi M, Keyvanloo F. Comparing the effects of three selected exercise patterns on the equilibrium of patients with parkinson. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2011;17(4):256-65. Persian.
24. Salavati M, Negahban H, Mazaheri M, Soleimanifar M, Hadadi M, Sefiddashti L, et al. The Persian version of the Berg Balance Scale: inter and intra-rater reliability and construct validity in elderly adults. Disabil Rehabil. 2012; 34(20): 1695-8.
25. Azad A, Taghizadeh G, Khaneghini A. Assessments of the reliability of the Iranian Version of the Berg Balance Scale in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2011;20(1):22-8.
26. Whitney SL, Wrisley DM. The influence of footwear on timed balance scores of the modified clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(3):439-43.
27. Blesedell Crepeau E, Cohn ES, Boyt Schell BA. Willard and spackman's occupational therapy. 11th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
28. Cohen H, Blatchly CA, Gombash LL. A study of the clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Phys Ther. 1993;73(6):346-51.
29. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.
30. Hernandez D, Rose DJ. Predicting which older adults will or will not fall using the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(12):2309-15.
31. Billek-Sawhney B, Gay J. The functional reach test: are 3 trials necessary? Top. Geriatr. Rehabil. 2005;21(2):144-8.
32. Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):M192-7.
33. Norris RA, Wilder E, Norton J. The functional reach test in 3- to 5-year-old Children without disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20(1):47-52.
34. Volkman KG, Stergiou N, Stuberg W, Blanke D, Stoner J. Methods to improve the reliability of the functional reach test in children and adolescents with typical development. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19(1):20-7.
35. Rockwood K, Rockwood MR, Andrew MK, Mitnitski A. Reliability of the hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility in frail older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(7):1213-7.
36. MacKnight C, Rockwood K. Rasch analysis of the hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility (HABAM). J clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(12):1242-7.
37. Clark S, Rose DJ, Fujimoto K. Generalizability of the limits of stability test in the evaluation of dynamic balance among older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(10):1078-84.
38. Farrell MK, Rutt RA, Lusardi MM, Williams AK. Are scores on the physical performance test useful in determination of risk of future falls in individuals With dementia? J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011;34(2):57-63.
39. Paschal K, Oswald A, Siegmund R, Siegmund S, Threlkeld AJ. Test-retest reliability of the physical performance test for persons with Parkinson disease. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(3):82-6.
40. Sadeghi H, Norouzi HR, Karimi Asl A, Montazer MR. Functional training program effect on static and dynamic balance in male able-bodied elderly. Salmand, Iran J Ageing. 2008;3(8):565-71. Persian.
41. Azadinia F, Kamyab M, Behtash H, Vahab Kashani R, Mirzazadeh Javaheri MR. The effect of spinomed orthosis on risk of falling in elderly patients with spinal hyperkyphosis. Iran J War Public Health. 2010;3(1):1-8. Persian.
42. Dickin DC. Obtaining reliable performance measures on the sensory organization test: altered testing sequences in young adults. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(4):278-85.
43. Dickin DC, Clark S. Generalizability of the sensory organization test in college-aged males: obtaining a reliable performance measure. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(2):109-15.
44. Broglio SP, Ferrara MS, Sopiarz K, Kelly MS. Reliable change of the sensory organization test. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(2):148-54.
45. Park MK, Lim HW, Cho JG, Choi CJ, Hwang SJ, Chae SW. A head shake sensory organization test to improve the sensitivity of the sensory organization test in the elderly. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(1):67-71.
46. Huxham FE, Goldie PA, Patla AE. Theoretical considerations in balance assessment. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47(2):89-100.
47. Bashiri J, Hadi H, Bashiri M, Rostamkhany H. Comparison effect of six week resistance-balance, velocity- balance and balance training on dynamic balance in active elderly males. J Rehabil Sci. 2009;5(2):104-15. Persian.
48. Hertel J, Braham RA, Hale SA, Olmsted-Kramer LC. Simplifying the star excursion balance test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(3):131-7.
49. Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(12):911-9.
50. Aslankhani MA, Farsi A, Abdoli B, Zamani Sani SH, Fathi Rezaie Z. Identification of elderly falling risk by balance tests under dual tasks conditions. Salmand, Iran J Ageing. 2010;4(12):7-15. Persian.
51. Nordin E, Lindelöf N, Rosendahl E, Jensen J, Lundin-Olsson L. Prognostic validity of the Timed Up-and-Go test, a modified Get-Up-and-Go test, staff's global judgement and fall history in evaluating fall risk in residential care facilities. Age Ageing. 2008;37(4):442-8.
52. Katz-Leurer M, Rotem H, Lewitus H, Keren O, Meyer S. Functional balance tests for children with traumatic brain injury: within-session reliability. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20(3):254-8.
53. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142-8.
54. Gasemi B, Azamian Jazi A, Noori P. The effect of 12 weeks functional training on dynamic balance in healthy older women. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2011;5(18):30-36. Persian.
55. Mehdizadeh Mollabashi L, Safavy Bayat Z, Yagmaey F, Mehraby Y. The effect of balanced exercises on balance level of elderly in nursing homes. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2011;9(4):283-8. Persian.
56. Kloos AD, Bello-Haas VD, Thome R, Cassidy J, Lewis L, Cusma T, et al. Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Tinetti Balance Test for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2004;28(1):12-9.
57. Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34(2):119-26.
2. Rostagno C, Gensini GF. Six minute walk test: a simple and useful test to evaluate functional capacity in patients with heart failure. Intern Emerg Med. 2008;3(3):205-12.
3. Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(10):1025-9.
4. Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):P239-43.
5. Kempen GI, Yardley L, van Haastregt JC, Zijlstra GA, Beyer N, Hauer K, et al. The Short FES-I: a shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international to assess fear of falling. Age Ageing. 2008;37(1):45-50.
6. Mosallanezhad Z, Salavati M, Hellström K, Reza Sotoudeh G, Nilsson Wikmar L, Frändin K. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(25-26):2446-53.
7. Neuls PD, Clark TL, Van Heuklon NC, Proctor JE, Kilker BJ, Bieber ME, et al. Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale to predict falls in the elderly. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011;34(1):3-10.
8. Aryan R, Shaterzadeh MJ, Sharafodinzadeh N, Goharpey Sh, Arastoo AA. Investigation of body balance in people with multiple sclerosis in Khouzestan province: use of clinical functional balance tests. Jundishapur Sci Med J Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med S. 2010;9(1):35-43. Persian.
9. Alzayer L, Beninato M, Portney LG. The accuracy of individual Berg Balance Scale items compared with the total Berg score for classifying people with chronic stroke according to fall history. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(3):136-43.
10. Ghanavati T, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Goharpey S, Arastoo AA. Functional balance in diabetic neuropathy. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;11(1):1-9. Persian.
11. Hosseinabadi MR, Taheri HR, Alavinia SM, Keavanlou F, Seyedahmadi M, Rahimi N. The impact four week of physical therapy on exaggerated muscle tonicity, balance and quality of life in hemi paresis patients. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2011;3(2):17-22. Persian.
12. Romero S, Bishop MD, Velozo CA, Light K. Minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale and Dynamic Gait Index in Older persons at risk for falling. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011;34(3):131-7.
13. Ghanavati T, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Goharpey S, Arastoo AA. Functional balance in elderly with diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96(1):24-8.
14. Fathi Rezaie Z, Aslankhani MA, Farsi A, Abdoli B, Zamani Sani SH. A comparison of three functional tests of balance in identifying fallers from non-fallers in elderly people. Knowledge & Health Journal. 2010;4(4):22-7. Persian.
15. Waninge A, van Wijck R, Steenbergen B, van der Schans CP. Feasibility and reliability of the modified Berg Balance Scale in persons with severe intellectual and visual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2011;55(3):292-301.
16. Asgari T, Hadian MR, Nakhostin Ansari N, Abdolvahab M, Jalili M, Faghihzadeh S. Inter& intra rater reliability of Berg Balance Scale for evaluation of the balance in children with spastic hemieplegia. Modern Rehabilitation. 2007;1(2-3):31-7. Persian.
17. Newstead AH, Hinman MR, Tomberlin JA. Reliability of the Berg Balance Scale and balance master limits of stability tests for individuals with brain injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2005;29(1):18-23.
18. Holbein-Jenny MA, Billek-Sawhney B, Beckman E, Smith T. Balance in personal care home residents: a comparison of the Berg Balance Scale, the Multi-Directional Reach Test, and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28(2):48-53.
19. Kembhavi G, Darrah J, Magill-Evans J, Loomis J. Using the berg balance scale to distinguish balance abilities in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2002;14(2):92-9.
20. Stevenson TJ. Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg Balance Scale. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47(1):29-38.
21. Langley FA, Mackintosh SFH. Functional balance assessment of older community dwelling adults: a systematic review of the literature. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2007;5(4):1-11.
22. Sahin F, Yilmaz F, Ozmaden A, Kotevolu N, Sahin T, Kuran B. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Berg Balance Scale. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(1):32-7.
23. Taherzadeh J, Taheri H, Pejhan A, Seyedahmadi M, Keyvanloo F. Comparing the effects of three selected exercise patterns on the equilibrium of patients with parkinson. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2011;17(4):256-65. Persian.
24. Salavati M, Negahban H, Mazaheri M, Soleimanifar M, Hadadi M, Sefiddashti L, et al. The Persian version of the Berg Balance Scale: inter and intra-rater reliability and construct validity in elderly adults. Disabil Rehabil. 2012; 34(20): 1695-8.
25. Azad A, Taghizadeh G, Khaneghini A. Assessments of the reliability of the Iranian Version of the Berg Balance Scale in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2011;20(1):22-8.
26. Whitney SL, Wrisley DM. The influence of footwear on timed balance scores of the modified clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(3):439-43.
27. Blesedell Crepeau E, Cohn ES, Boyt Schell BA. Willard and spackman's occupational therapy. 11th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
28. Cohen H, Blatchly CA, Gombash LL. A study of the clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Phys Ther. 1993;73(6):346-51.
29. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.
30. Hernandez D, Rose DJ. Predicting which older adults will or will not fall using the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(12):2309-15.
31. Billek-Sawhney B, Gay J. The functional reach test: are 3 trials necessary? Top. Geriatr. Rehabil. 2005;21(2):144-8.
32. Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):M192-7.
33. Norris RA, Wilder E, Norton J. The functional reach test in 3- to 5-year-old Children without disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20(1):47-52.
34. Volkman KG, Stergiou N, Stuberg W, Blanke D, Stoner J. Methods to improve the reliability of the functional reach test in children and adolescents with typical development. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19(1):20-7.
35. Rockwood K, Rockwood MR, Andrew MK, Mitnitski A. Reliability of the hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility in frail older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(7):1213-7.
36. MacKnight C, Rockwood K. Rasch analysis of the hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility (HABAM). J clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(12):1242-7.
37. Clark S, Rose DJ, Fujimoto K. Generalizability of the limits of stability test in the evaluation of dynamic balance among older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(10):1078-84.
38. Farrell MK, Rutt RA, Lusardi MM, Williams AK. Are scores on the physical performance test useful in determination of risk of future falls in individuals With dementia? J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011;34(2):57-63.
39. Paschal K, Oswald A, Siegmund R, Siegmund S, Threlkeld AJ. Test-retest reliability of the physical performance test for persons with Parkinson disease. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(3):82-6.
40. Sadeghi H, Norouzi HR, Karimi Asl A, Montazer MR. Functional training program effect on static and dynamic balance in male able-bodied elderly. Salmand, Iran J Ageing. 2008;3(8):565-71. Persian.
41. Azadinia F, Kamyab M, Behtash H, Vahab Kashani R, Mirzazadeh Javaheri MR. The effect of spinomed orthosis on risk of falling in elderly patients with spinal hyperkyphosis. Iran J War Public Health. 2010;3(1):1-8. Persian.
42. Dickin DC. Obtaining reliable performance measures on the sensory organization test: altered testing sequences in young adults. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(4):278-85.
43. Dickin DC, Clark S. Generalizability of the sensory organization test in college-aged males: obtaining a reliable performance measure. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(2):109-15.
44. Broglio SP, Ferrara MS, Sopiarz K, Kelly MS. Reliable change of the sensory organization test. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(2):148-54.
45. Park MK, Lim HW, Cho JG, Choi CJ, Hwang SJ, Chae SW. A head shake sensory organization test to improve the sensitivity of the sensory organization test in the elderly. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(1):67-71.
46. Huxham FE, Goldie PA, Patla AE. Theoretical considerations in balance assessment. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47(2):89-100.
47. Bashiri J, Hadi H, Bashiri M, Rostamkhany H. Comparison effect of six week resistance-balance, velocity- balance and balance training on dynamic balance in active elderly males. J Rehabil Sci. 2009;5(2):104-15. Persian.
48. Hertel J, Braham RA, Hale SA, Olmsted-Kramer LC. Simplifying the star excursion balance test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(3):131-7.
49. Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(12):911-9.
50. Aslankhani MA, Farsi A, Abdoli B, Zamani Sani SH, Fathi Rezaie Z. Identification of elderly falling risk by balance tests under dual tasks conditions. Salmand, Iran J Ageing. 2010;4(12):7-15. Persian.
51. Nordin E, Lindelöf N, Rosendahl E, Jensen J, Lundin-Olsson L. Prognostic validity of the Timed Up-and-Go test, a modified Get-Up-and-Go test, staff's global judgement and fall history in evaluating fall risk in residential care facilities. Age Ageing. 2008;37(4):442-8.
52. Katz-Leurer M, Rotem H, Lewitus H, Keren O, Meyer S. Functional balance tests for children with traumatic brain injury: within-session reliability. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20(3):254-8.
53. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142-8.
54. Gasemi B, Azamian Jazi A, Noori P. The effect of 12 weeks functional training on dynamic balance in healthy older women. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2011;5(18):30-36. Persian.
55. Mehdizadeh Mollabashi L, Safavy Bayat Z, Yagmaey F, Mehraby Y. The effect of balanced exercises on balance level of elderly in nursing homes. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2011;9(4):283-8. Persian.
56. Kloos AD, Bello-Haas VD, Thome R, Cassidy J, Lewis L, Cusma T, et al. Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Tinetti Balance Test for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2004;28(1):12-9.
57. Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34(2):119-26.
| Issue | Vol 21 No 4 (2012) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Balance postural balance proprioception functional balance tests | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Raji P. Functional balance tests. Aud Vestib Res. 2017;21(4):1-9.
