Methodes for identification of specific language impairment
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Specific language impiarment (SLI) is one of the most prevalent developmental language disorders its diagnosis is a problematic issue among researchers and clinicians because of the heterogeneity of language profiles in the affected population and overlapping with other developmental language disorders. The aim of this study was to review the suggested diagnostic criteria for this disorder, controversies about these criteria and identify the most accurate diagnostic methods.
Methods: Published article from 1980 to 2012 in bibliographic and publisher databases including Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochran library, Web of Science, ProQuest, Springer, Oxford, Science direct, Ovid, Iran Medex and Magiran about the diagnostic methods for discriminating preschool children with specific language impiarment from normal developing children were reviewd in this article. These keywords were used for research: “specific language impairment”, “SLI”, “diagnosis or identification”, “standardized tests”, and “tests for language development”.
Conclusion: The results of this study show inspite of agreement of researchers and clinicians about exclusionary criteria as one basic part of the diagnosis of specific language impiarment, there is no consensus about the other part, inclusionary criteria. Different studies used different inclusionary criteria which can be divided to categories of clincal judgment, discrepancy-based criteria, standardized testing, clinical markers and markers from spontaneous speech samples. Advantages, disadvantages, and clinical applicability of each diagnostic method are discussed in this article.
1. Leonard LB. Children with specific language impairment. 1st ed. Massachusett: MIT Press; 2000.
2. van der Lely H, Payne E, McClelland A. An investigation to validate the grammar and phonology screening test (GAPS) to identify children with specific language impairment. Plos one. 2011;6(7):1-14.
3. Johnson C, Beitchman JH, Escobar M, Atkinson L, Wilson B, Brownlie EB, et al. Fourteen-year follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments: speech/language stability and outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(3):744-60.
4. Kjelgaard M, Tager-Flusberg H. An investigation of language impairment in autism: implications for genetic subgroups. Lang Cogn Processes. 2001;16(2-3):287-308.
5. Simkin Z, Conti-Ramsden GM. Evidence of reading difficulty in subgroups of children with specific language impairment. Child Lang Teach Ther. 2006;22(3):315-31.
6. Conti-Ramsden GM, Botting N. Social difficulties and victimization in children with SLI at 11 years of age. JSLHR. 2004;47:145-61.
7. Najmi SB. Social cognition in children with specific language impairment (SLI). J Res Rehabi Sci. 2007;3(1):77-84.
8. Tombline JB, Records NL, Zhang X. A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(6):1284-94.
9. Aram DM, Morris R, Hall NE. The validity of discrepancy criteria for identifying children with developmental language disorders. J Learn Disabil. 1992;25(9):549-54.
10. Merrell AW, Plante E. Norm-referenced test interpretation in the diagnostic process. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 1997;28:50-8.
11. Gray S. Diagnostic accuracy and test-retest reliability of non-word repetition and digit span tasks administered to preschool children with specific language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(2):129-51.
12. Perona K, Plante E, Vance R. Diagnostic accuracy of the structured photographic expressive language test: third edition (SPELT-3). Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2005;36(2):103-15.
13. Stokes S, Wong A, Fletcher P, Leonard LB. Non-word repetition and sentence repetition as clinical markers of specific language impairment: the case of cantonese. J Speech Hear Res. 2006;49:219-36.
14. Gray Sh, Plante E, Vance R, Henrichsen M. The diagnostic accuracy of four vocabulary tests administered to preschool-age children. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 1999;30:196-206.
15. Conti-Ramsden G. Processing and linguistic markers in young children with specific language impairment (SLI). J Speech Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1029-37.
16. Pankratz ME, Plante E, Vance R, Insalaco DM. The diagnostic and predictive validity of the renfrew bus story. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38(4):390-9.
17. Stark RE, Tallal P. Selection of children with specific language deficits. J Speech Hear Res. 1981;46(2):114-22.
18. Nation JE, Aram DM. Diagnosis of speech and language disorders. St Louis: Mosby; 1977.
19. Lund N, Duchan J. Assessing children's language in naturalistic contexts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1993.
20. Oetting J, Cleveland LH. The clinical utility of non-word repetition for children living in the rural south of the US. Clin Linguist Phonetic. 2006;20(7-8):553-61.
21. Aram DM, Morris R, Hall NE. Clinical and research congruence in identifying children with specific language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1993;36(3):580-91.
22. Plante E. Criteria for SLI: the stark and tallal legacy and beyond. J Speech Hear Res. 1998;41(4):951-7.
23. Plante E, Vance R. Selection of preschool language tests: a data-based approach. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch.1994;25(1):15-24.
24. Dunn M, Flax J, Sliwinski M, Aram D. The use of spontaneous language measures as criteria for identifying children with specific language impairment: an attempt to reconcile clinical and research incongruence. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(3):643-54.
25. Hegde MN, Pomaville F. Assessment of communication disorders in children: resources and protocols. 2nd ed. US: Plural Pub; 2008.
26. Spaulding TJ, Plante E, Farinella KA. Eligibility criteria for language impairment: is the low end of normal always appropriate? Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2006;37(1):61-72.
27. Rice ML, Wexler K. Rice/Wexler test of early grammatical impairment. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2001.
28. Greenslade K, Plante E, Vance R. The diagnostic accuracy and construct validity of the structured photographic expressive language test--preschool: second edition. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2009;40(2):150-60.
29. Kasper J, Kreis J, Scheibler F, Möller D, Skipka G, Lange S, et al. Population-based screening of children for specific speech and language impairment in germany: a systematic review. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2011;63(5):247-63.
30. Rice ML, Wexler K. Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in english-speaking children. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(6):1239-57.
31. Ellis Weismer S, Tomblin B, Zhang X, Buckwalter P, Chynoweth JG, Jones M. Nonword repetition performance in school-age children with and without language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 2000;43(4):865-78.
32. Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC. Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. AM J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19:78-94.
33. Montgomery JW. Working memory and comprehension in children with specific language impairment: what we know so far. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):221-31.
34. Dollaghan C, Campbell T. Nonword repetition and child language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1998;41:1136-46.
35. Bishop DV, North T, Donlan C. Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 1996;37(4):391-403.
36. Deevy P, Weil LW, Leonard LB, Goffman L. Extending use of the NRT to preschool-age children with and without specific language impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2010;41(3):277-88.
37. Conti-Ramsden G, Hesketh A. Risk markers for SLI: a study of young language-learning children. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2003;38(3):251-63.
38. Bedore LM, Leonard LB. Specific language impairment and grammatical morphology: a discriminant function analysis. J Speech Hear Res. 1998;41(5):1185-92.
39. Bortolini U, Caselli MC, Deevy P, Leonard LB. Specific language impairment in italian: the first steps in the search for a clinical marker. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2002;37(2):77-93.
40. Bortolini U, Arfe´ B, Caselli MC, Degasperi L, Deevy P, Leonard LB. Research report: Clinical markers for specific language impairment in italian: the contribution of clitics and non-word repetition. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2006;41(6):695-712.
41. Klee T, Stokes SF, Wong AM, Fletcher P, Gavin WJ. Utterance length and lexical diversity in Cantonese-speaking children with and without SLI. J Speech Hear Res. 2004;47(6):1396-410.
42. Wong AM, Klee T, Stokes SF, Fletcher P, Leonard LB. Differentiating Cantonese-speaking preschool children with and without SLI using MLU and lexical diversity (D). J Speech Hear Res. 2010;53(3):794-9.
43. Simon-Cereijido G, Gutierrez-Clellen VF. Spontaneous language markers of Spanish language impairment. Appl Psycholinguist. 2007;28:317-39.
44. Rice MK. A unified model of specific and general language delay: grammatical tense as a clinical marker of unexpected variation. In: Levy Y, Schaeffer J, editors. Language competence across populations: toward a definition of SLI. 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002. p. 63-97.
45. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Faghihzade S. The study of language performances of persian children with specific language impairment. Audiol. 2011;20(2):11-21.
46. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Jalaei SH. A comparison study in test of language development (TOLD) and speech samples between children with specific language impairment and their MLU matched group. Mod Rehabil. 2009;2(3-4):25-33.
47. Mohammadi M, Nilipoor R, Shirazi T, Rahgozar M. Semantic differences of definitional skills between persian speaking children with specific language impairment and normal language developing children. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2011;12(2):48-55.
48. Sayyahi F, Soleymani Z, Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari B, Jalaie Sh. Providing a non word repetition test in 4-year-old Persian children and determining its validity and reliability. Audiol. 2011;20(2):47-53.
49. Hasanati F, Agharasouli Z, Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari B, Kamali M. Sentence repetition test for measurement of grammatical development in Farsi speaking children. Audiol. 2011;20(1):73-81.
2. van der Lely H, Payne E, McClelland A. An investigation to validate the grammar and phonology screening test (GAPS) to identify children with specific language impairment. Plos one. 2011;6(7):1-14.
3. Johnson C, Beitchman JH, Escobar M, Atkinson L, Wilson B, Brownlie EB, et al. Fourteen-year follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments: speech/language stability and outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(3):744-60.
4. Kjelgaard M, Tager-Flusberg H. An investigation of language impairment in autism: implications for genetic subgroups. Lang Cogn Processes. 2001;16(2-3):287-308.
5. Simkin Z, Conti-Ramsden GM. Evidence of reading difficulty in subgroups of children with specific language impairment. Child Lang Teach Ther. 2006;22(3):315-31.
6. Conti-Ramsden GM, Botting N. Social difficulties and victimization in children with SLI at 11 years of age. JSLHR. 2004;47:145-61.
7. Najmi SB. Social cognition in children with specific language impairment (SLI). J Res Rehabi Sci. 2007;3(1):77-84.
8. Tombline JB, Records NL, Zhang X. A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(6):1284-94.
9. Aram DM, Morris R, Hall NE. The validity of discrepancy criteria for identifying children with developmental language disorders. J Learn Disabil. 1992;25(9):549-54.
10. Merrell AW, Plante E. Norm-referenced test interpretation in the diagnostic process. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 1997;28:50-8.
11. Gray S. Diagnostic accuracy and test-retest reliability of non-word repetition and digit span tasks administered to preschool children with specific language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(2):129-51.
12. Perona K, Plante E, Vance R. Diagnostic accuracy of the structured photographic expressive language test: third edition (SPELT-3). Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2005;36(2):103-15.
13. Stokes S, Wong A, Fletcher P, Leonard LB. Non-word repetition and sentence repetition as clinical markers of specific language impairment: the case of cantonese. J Speech Hear Res. 2006;49:219-36.
14. Gray Sh, Plante E, Vance R, Henrichsen M. The diagnostic accuracy of four vocabulary tests administered to preschool-age children. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 1999;30:196-206.
15. Conti-Ramsden G. Processing and linguistic markers in young children with specific language impairment (SLI). J Speech Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1029-37.
16. Pankratz ME, Plante E, Vance R, Insalaco DM. The diagnostic and predictive validity of the renfrew bus story. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38(4):390-9.
17. Stark RE, Tallal P. Selection of children with specific language deficits. J Speech Hear Res. 1981;46(2):114-22.
18. Nation JE, Aram DM. Diagnosis of speech and language disorders. St Louis: Mosby; 1977.
19. Lund N, Duchan J. Assessing children's language in naturalistic contexts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1993.
20. Oetting J, Cleveland LH. The clinical utility of non-word repetition for children living in the rural south of the US. Clin Linguist Phonetic. 2006;20(7-8):553-61.
21. Aram DM, Morris R, Hall NE. Clinical and research congruence in identifying children with specific language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1993;36(3):580-91.
22. Plante E. Criteria for SLI: the stark and tallal legacy and beyond. J Speech Hear Res. 1998;41(4):951-7.
23. Plante E, Vance R. Selection of preschool language tests: a data-based approach. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch.1994;25(1):15-24.
24. Dunn M, Flax J, Sliwinski M, Aram D. The use of spontaneous language measures as criteria for identifying children with specific language impairment: an attempt to reconcile clinical and research incongruence. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(3):643-54.
25. Hegde MN, Pomaville F. Assessment of communication disorders in children: resources and protocols. 2nd ed. US: Plural Pub; 2008.
26. Spaulding TJ, Plante E, Farinella KA. Eligibility criteria for language impairment: is the low end of normal always appropriate? Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2006;37(1):61-72.
27. Rice ML, Wexler K. Rice/Wexler test of early grammatical impairment. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2001.
28. Greenslade K, Plante E, Vance R. The diagnostic accuracy and construct validity of the structured photographic expressive language test--preschool: second edition. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2009;40(2):150-60.
29. Kasper J, Kreis J, Scheibler F, Möller D, Skipka G, Lange S, et al. Population-based screening of children for specific speech and language impairment in germany: a systematic review. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2011;63(5):247-63.
30. Rice ML, Wexler K. Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in english-speaking children. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(6):1239-57.
31. Ellis Weismer S, Tomblin B, Zhang X, Buckwalter P, Chynoweth JG, Jones M. Nonword repetition performance in school-age children with and without language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 2000;43(4):865-78.
32. Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC. Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. AM J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19:78-94.
33. Montgomery JW. Working memory and comprehension in children with specific language impairment: what we know so far. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):221-31.
34. Dollaghan C, Campbell T. Nonword repetition and child language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1998;41:1136-46.
35. Bishop DV, North T, Donlan C. Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 1996;37(4):391-403.
36. Deevy P, Weil LW, Leonard LB, Goffman L. Extending use of the NRT to preschool-age children with and without specific language impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2010;41(3):277-88.
37. Conti-Ramsden G, Hesketh A. Risk markers for SLI: a study of young language-learning children. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2003;38(3):251-63.
38. Bedore LM, Leonard LB. Specific language impairment and grammatical morphology: a discriminant function analysis. J Speech Hear Res. 1998;41(5):1185-92.
39. Bortolini U, Caselli MC, Deevy P, Leonard LB. Specific language impairment in italian: the first steps in the search for a clinical marker. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2002;37(2):77-93.
40. Bortolini U, Arfe´ B, Caselli MC, Degasperi L, Deevy P, Leonard LB. Research report: Clinical markers for specific language impairment in italian: the contribution of clitics and non-word repetition. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2006;41(6):695-712.
41. Klee T, Stokes SF, Wong AM, Fletcher P, Gavin WJ. Utterance length and lexical diversity in Cantonese-speaking children with and without SLI. J Speech Hear Res. 2004;47(6):1396-410.
42. Wong AM, Klee T, Stokes SF, Fletcher P, Leonard LB. Differentiating Cantonese-speaking preschool children with and without SLI using MLU and lexical diversity (D). J Speech Hear Res. 2010;53(3):794-9.
43. Simon-Cereijido G, Gutierrez-Clellen VF. Spontaneous language markers of Spanish language impairment. Appl Psycholinguist. 2007;28:317-39.
44. Rice MK. A unified model of specific and general language delay: grammatical tense as a clinical marker of unexpected variation. In: Levy Y, Schaeffer J, editors. Language competence across populations: toward a definition of SLI. 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002. p. 63-97.
45. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Faghihzade S. The study of language performances of persian children with specific language impairment. Audiol. 2011;20(2):11-21.
46. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Jalaei SH. A comparison study in test of language development (TOLD) and speech samples between children with specific language impairment and their MLU matched group. Mod Rehabil. 2009;2(3-4):25-33.
47. Mohammadi M, Nilipoor R, Shirazi T, Rahgozar M. Semantic differences of definitional skills between persian speaking children with specific language impairment and normal language developing children. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2011;12(2):48-55.
48. Sayyahi F, Soleymani Z, Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari B, Jalaie Sh. Providing a non word repetition test in 4-year-old Persian children and determining its validity and reliability. Audiol. 2011;20(2):47-53.
49. Hasanati F, Agharasouli Z, Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari B, Kamali M. Sentence repetition test for measurement of grammatical development in Farsi speaking children. Audiol. 2011;20(1):73-81.
| Issue | Vol 23 No 2 (2014) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Specific language impairment diagnosis identification formal tests clinical markers | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Maleki Shahmahmood T, Nakhostin Ansari N, Soleimani Z. Methodes for identification of specific language impairment. Aud Vestib Res. 2017;23(2):1-18.
