Phonological working memory and its relationship with language abilities in children with cochlear implants
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many studies have demonstrated a close relationship between phonological working memory and language abilities in normal children and children with language developmental disorders, such as those with cochlear implants. A review of these studies would clarify communication and learning in such children and provide more comprehensive information regarding their education and treatment. In this study, the characteristics of phonological working memory and its relationship with language abilities in children with cochlear implants was examined.
Recent Findings: In this study, the authors studied the characteristics of phonological working memory and its relationship with language abilities of children with cochlear implants. These studies showed that in addition to demographic variables, phonological working memory is a factor that affects language development in children with cochlear implants. Children with cochlear implants typically have a shorter memory span.
Conclusion: It is thought that the deficiency in primary auditory sensory input and language stimulation caused by difficulties in the processing and rehearsal of auditory information in phonological working memory is the main cause of the short memory span in such children. Conversely, phonological working memory problems may have adverse effects on the language abilities in such children. Therefore, to provide comprehensive and appropriate treatment for children with cochlear implants, the reciprocal relationship between language abilities and phonological working memory should be considered.
1. Dehn MJ. Working memory and academic learning: assessment and intervention. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.
2. Netto TM, Greca DV, Zimmermann N, Oliveira C, Fonseca RP, Landeira-Fernandez J. Working memory intervention programs for adults: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol. 2010;4(3):222-31.
3. Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(2):270-91.
4. Baddeley A. Working memory and language: an overview. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):189-208.
5. Burkholder RA, Pisoni DB. Working memory capacity, verbal rehearsal speed, and scanning in deaf children with cochlear implants. In: Spencer PE, Stein BE, editors. Advances in the spoken language development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children.1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 328-57.
6. Banks J, Gray C, Fyfe R. The written recall of printed stories by severely deaf children. Br J Educ Psychol. 1990;60(Pt 2):192-206.
7. Archbold S, O'Donoghue GM. Cochlear implantation in children: current status. Paediatr Child Health. 2009;19(10):457-63.
8. Gérard JM, Deggouj N, Hupin C, Buisson AL, Monteyne V, Lavis C, et al. Evolution of communication abilities after cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(6):642-8.
9. Mohammadi R, Shirazi TS, Nilipoor R, Rahgozar M, Poorshahbaz A. A Comparison of metaphoric expressions comprehension in mainstreaming students with severe hearing impairment and hearing students of junior high school. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2010;11(3):50-7. Persian.
10. Mohammadi R, Shirazi TS, Nilipour R, Rahgozar M, Pourshahbaz A. Comparing of metaphoric expressions comprehension between hearing impaired students and normal students of junior high school. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2010;10(4):15-20. Persian.
11. Mousavi N, Shirazi TS, Darouei A, Danaei Tousi M, Pourshahbaz A, Rahgozar M. Comparison of some of pragmatic skills between 4 to 6 years old farsi speaking hard of hearing children with normal hearing peers. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2009;10(3):60-5. Persian.
12. Kunisue K, Fukushima K, Kawasaki A, Maeda Y, Nagayasu R, Kataoka Y, et al. Comprehension of abstract words among hearing impaired children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(11):1671-9.
13. Kronenberger WG, Pisoni DB, Henning SC, Colson BG, Hazzard LM. Working memory training for children with cochlear implants: a pilot study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54(4):1182-96.
14. Pisoni DB, Geers AE. Working memory in deaf children with cochlear implants: correlations between digit span and measures of spoken language processing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2000;185:92-3.
15. Shamsian F, Shirazi TS, Nilipoor R, Karimlu M. Evaluation and comparison of consonant production in cochlear-implanted children. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2010;6(2):108-16. Persian.
16. Richter B, Eissele S, Laszig R, LöhleE. Receptive and expressive language skills of 106 children with a minimum of 2 years' experience in hearing with a cochlear implant. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;64(2):111-25.
17. Uchanski RM, Geers AE. Acoustic characteristics of the speech of young cochlear implant users: a comparison with normal-hearing age-mates. Ear Hear. 2003;24(1 Suppl):90S-105S.
18. Geers A, Brenner C, Nicholas J, Uchanski R, Tye-Murray N, Tobey E. Rehabilitation factors contributing to implant benefit in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2002;189:127-30.
19. Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Kirk KI. Working memory spans as predictors of spoken word recognition and receptive vocabulary in children with cochlear implants. Volta Rev. 2000;102(4):259-80.
20. Pisoni DB. Cognitive factors and cochlear implants: some thoughts on perception, learning, and memory in speech perception. Ear Hear. 2000;21(1):70-8.
21. Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci. 2001;24(1):87-114.
22. Sperling G. A model for visual memory tasks. Hum Factors. 1963;5:19-31.
23. van Daal J, Verhoeven L, van Leeuwe J, van Balkom H. Working memory limitations in children with severe language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2008;41(2):85-107.
24. Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):829-39.
25. Jonsdottir S, Bouma A, Sergeant JA, Scherder EJ. The impact of specific language impairment on working memory in children with ADHD combined subtype. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20(4):443-56.
26. Pisoni DB, Cleary M. Measures of working memory span and verbal rehearsal speed in deaf children after cochlear implantation. Ear Hear. 2003;24(1 Suppl):106S-20S.
27. Bebko J, Metcalfe-Haggert A. Deafness, language skills, and rehearsal: a model for the development of a memory strategy. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 1997;2(3):131-9.
28. Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. J Mem Lang. 1989;28(2):200-13.
29. Gathercole SE, Willis CS, Emslie H, Baddeley AD. Phonological memory and vocabulary development during the early school years: A longitudinal study. Dev Psychol. 1992;28(5):887-98.
30. Gupta P. Examining the relationship between word learning, nonword repetition, and immediate serial recall in adults. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2003;56(7):1213-36.
31. McDaniel ED. Visual memory in the deaf. Am Ann Deaf. 1980;125(1):17-20.
32. Olsson JE, Furth HG. Visual memory-span in the deaf. Am J Psychol. 1966;79(3):480-4.
33. Dawson PW, Busby PA, McKay CM, Clark GM. Short-term auditory memory in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to receptive language. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(4):789-801.
34. Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Geers AE. Some measures of verbal and spatial working memory in eight- and nine-year-old hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear. 2001;22(5):395-411.
35. Pisoni DB, Cleary M. Learning, memory, and cognitive processes in deaf children following cochlear implantation. In: Richard RF, Arthur NP, editors. Cochlear implants: auditory prostheses and electric hearing. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2004. p. 377-426.
36. Liben LS, Drury AM. Short-term memory in deaf and hearing children in relation to stimulus characteristics. J Exp Child Psychol. J Exp Child Psychol. 1977;24(1):60-73.
37. Bebko JM. Memory and rehearsal characteristics of profoundly deaf children. J Exp Child Psychol. 1984;38(3):415-28.
38. Campbell R, Wright H. Deafness and immediate memory for pictures: dissociations between "inner speech" and the "inner ear"? J Exp Child Psychol. 1990;50(2):259-86.
39. Baddeley AD. Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1975;14(6):575-89.
40. Cowan N, Wood NL, Wood PK, Keller TA, Nugent LD, Keller CV. Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term memory span. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1998;127(2):141-60.
41. Hulme C, Tordoff V. Working memory development: The effects of speech rate, word length, and acoustic similarity on serial recall. J Exp Child Psychol. 1989;47(1):72-87.
42. Kail R, Park YS. Processing time, articulation time, and memory span. J Exp Child Psychol. 1994;57(2):281-91.
43. Schweickert R, Guentert L, Hersberger L. Phonological similarity, pronunciation rate, and memory span. Psychol Sci. 1990;1(1):74-7.
44. Hitch GJ, Halliday MS, Littler JE. Item identification time and rehearsal rate as predictors of memory span in children. Q J Exp Psychol A. 1989;41(2):321-37.
45. Burkholder RA, Pisoni DB. Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation. J Exp Child Psychol. 2003;85(1):63-88.
46. Sternberg S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science. 1966;153(3736):652-4.
47. Kirk KI. Assessing speech perception in listeners with cochlear implants: the development of the lexical neighborhood tests. Volta Rev. 1998;100(2):63-85.
48. Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Kirk KI. Working memory spans as predictors of spoken word recognition and receptive vocabulary in children with cochlear implants. Volta Rev. 2000;102(4):259-80.
49. Ibertsson T, Hansson K, Asker- Àrnason L, Sahlén B. Speech recognition, working memory and conversation in children with cochlear implants. Deafness Educ Int. 2009;11(3):132-51.
50. Willstedt-Svensson U, Löfqvist A, Almqvist B, Sahlén B. Is age at implant the only factor that counts? The influence of working memory on lexical and grammatical development in children with cochlear implants. Int J Audiol. 2004;43(9):506-15.
2. Netto TM, Greca DV, Zimmermann N, Oliveira C, Fonseca RP, Landeira-Fernandez J. Working memory intervention programs for adults: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol. 2010;4(3):222-31.
3. Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(2):270-91.
4. Baddeley A. Working memory and language: an overview. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):189-208.
5. Burkholder RA, Pisoni DB. Working memory capacity, verbal rehearsal speed, and scanning in deaf children with cochlear implants. In: Spencer PE, Stein BE, editors. Advances in the spoken language development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children.1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 328-57.
6. Banks J, Gray C, Fyfe R. The written recall of printed stories by severely deaf children. Br J Educ Psychol. 1990;60(Pt 2):192-206.
7. Archbold S, O'Donoghue GM. Cochlear implantation in children: current status. Paediatr Child Health. 2009;19(10):457-63.
8. Gérard JM, Deggouj N, Hupin C, Buisson AL, Monteyne V, Lavis C, et al. Evolution of communication abilities after cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(6):642-8.
9. Mohammadi R, Shirazi TS, Nilipoor R, Rahgozar M, Poorshahbaz A. A Comparison of metaphoric expressions comprehension in mainstreaming students with severe hearing impairment and hearing students of junior high school. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2010;11(3):50-7. Persian.
10. Mohammadi R, Shirazi TS, Nilipour R, Rahgozar M, Pourshahbaz A. Comparing of metaphoric expressions comprehension between hearing impaired students and normal students of junior high school. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2010;10(4):15-20. Persian.
11. Mousavi N, Shirazi TS, Darouei A, Danaei Tousi M, Pourshahbaz A, Rahgozar M. Comparison of some of pragmatic skills between 4 to 6 years old farsi speaking hard of hearing children with normal hearing peers. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2009;10(3):60-5. Persian.
12. Kunisue K, Fukushima K, Kawasaki A, Maeda Y, Nagayasu R, Kataoka Y, et al. Comprehension of abstract words among hearing impaired children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(11):1671-9.
13. Kronenberger WG, Pisoni DB, Henning SC, Colson BG, Hazzard LM. Working memory training for children with cochlear implants: a pilot study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54(4):1182-96.
14. Pisoni DB, Geers AE. Working memory in deaf children with cochlear implants: correlations between digit span and measures of spoken language processing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2000;185:92-3.
15. Shamsian F, Shirazi TS, Nilipoor R, Karimlu M. Evaluation and comparison of consonant production in cochlear-implanted children. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2010;6(2):108-16. Persian.
16. Richter B, Eissele S, Laszig R, LöhleE. Receptive and expressive language skills of 106 children with a minimum of 2 years' experience in hearing with a cochlear implant. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;64(2):111-25.
17. Uchanski RM, Geers AE. Acoustic characteristics of the speech of young cochlear implant users: a comparison with normal-hearing age-mates. Ear Hear. 2003;24(1 Suppl):90S-105S.
18. Geers A, Brenner C, Nicholas J, Uchanski R, Tye-Murray N, Tobey E. Rehabilitation factors contributing to implant benefit in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2002;189:127-30.
19. Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Kirk KI. Working memory spans as predictors of spoken word recognition and receptive vocabulary in children with cochlear implants. Volta Rev. 2000;102(4):259-80.
20. Pisoni DB. Cognitive factors and cochlear implants: some thoughts on perception, learning, and memory in speech perception. Ear Hear. 2000;21(1):70-8.
21. Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci. 2001;24(1):87-114.
22. Sperling G. A model for visual memory tasks. Hum Factors. 1963;5:19-31.
23. van Daal J, Verhoeven L, van Leeuwe J, van Balkom H. Working memory limitations in children with severe language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2008;41(2):85-107.
24. Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):829-39.
25. Jonsdottir S, Bouma A, Sergeant JA, Scherder EJ. The impact of specific language impairment on working memory in children with ADHD combined subtype. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20(4):443-56.
26. Pisoni DB, Cleary M. Measures of working memory span and verbal rehearsal speed in deaf children after cochlear implantation. Ear Hear. 2003;24(1 Suppl):106S-20S.
27. Bebko J, Metcalfe-Haggert A. Deafness, language skills, and rehearsal: a model for the development of a memory strategy. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 1997;2(3):131-9.
28. Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. J Mem Lang. 1989;28(2):200-13.
29. Gathercole SE, Willis CS, Emslie H, Baddeley AD. Phonological memory and vocabulary development during the early school years: A longitudinal study. Dev Psychol. 1992;28(5):887-98.
30. Gupta P. Examining the relationship between word learning, nonword repetition, and immediate serial recall in adults. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2003;56(7):1213-36.
31. McDaniel ED. Visual memory in the deaf. Am Ann Deaf. 1980;125(1):17-20.
32. Olsson JE, Furth HG. Visual memory-span in the deaf. Am J Psychol. 1966;79(3):480-4.
33. Dawson PW, Busby PA, McKay CM, Clark GM. Short-term auditory memory in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to receptive language. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(4):789-801.
34. Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Geers AE. Some measures of verbal and spatial working memory in eight- and nine-year-old hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear. 2001;22(5):395-411.
35. Pisoni DB, Cleary M. Learning, memory, and cognitive processes in deaf children following cochlear implantation. In: Richard RF, Arthur NP, editors. Cochlear implants: auditory prostheses and electric hearing. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2004. p. 377-426.
36. Liben LS, Drury AM. Short-term memory in deaf and hearing children in relation to stimulus characteristics. J Exp Child Psychol. J Exp Child Psychol. 1977;24(1):60-73.
37. Bebko JM. Memory and rehearsal characteristics of profoundly deaf children. J Exp Child Psychol. 1984;38(3):415-28.
38. Campbell R, Wright H. Deafness and immediate memory for pictures: dissociations between "inner speech" and the "inner ear"? J Exp Child Psychol. 1990;50(2):259-86.
39. Baddeley AD. Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1975;14(6):575-89.
40. Cowan N, Wood NL, Wood PK, Keller TA, Nugent LD, Keller CV. Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term memory span. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1998;127(2):141-60.
41. Hulme C, Tordoff V. Working memory development: The effects of speech rate, word length, and acoustic similarity on serial recall. J Exp Child Psychol. 1989;47(1):72-87.
42. Kail R, Park YS. Processing time, articulation time, and memory span. J Exp Child Psychol. 1994;57(2):281-91.
43. Schweickert R, Guentert L, Hersberger L. Phonological similarity, pronunciation rate, and memory span. Psychol Sci. 1990;1(1):74-7.
44. Hitch GJ, Halliday MS, Littler JE. Item identification time and rehearsal rate as predictors of memory span in children. Q J Exp Psychol A. 1989;41(2):321-37.
45. Burkholder RA, Pisoni DB. Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation. J Exp Child Psychol. 2003;85(1):63-88.
46. Sternberg S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science. 1966;153(3736):652-4.
47. Kirk KI. Assessing speech perception in listeners with cochlear implants: the development of the lexical neighborhood tests. Volta Rev. 1998;100(2):63-85.
48. Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Kirk KI. Working memory spans as predictors of spoken word recognition and receptive vocabulary in children with cochlear implants. Volta Rev. 2000;102(4):259-80.
49. Ibertsson T, Hansson K, Asker- Àrnason L, Sahlén B. Speech recognition, working memory and conversation in children with cochlear implants. Deafness Educ Int. 2009;11(3):132-51.
50. Willstedt-Svensson U, Löfqvist A, Almqvist B, Sahlén B. Is age at implant the only factor that counts? The influence of working memory on lexical and grammatical development in children with cochlear implants. Int J Audiol. 2004;43(9):506-15.
| Issue | Vol 23 No 5 (2014) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Working memory cochlear implants children language hearing loss short-term memory | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Haresabadi F, Shirazi TS. Phonological working memory and its relationship with language abilities in children with cochlear implants. Aud Vestib Res. 2017;23(5):1-13.
