Phonological working memory and auditory processing speed in children with specific language impairment
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Specific language impairment (SLI), one variety of developmental language disorder, has attracted much interest in recent decades. Much research has been conducted to discover why some children have a specific language impairment. So far, research has failed to identify a reason for this linguistic deficiency. Some researchers believe language disorder causes defects in phonological working memory and affects auditory processing speed. Therefore, this study reviews the results of research investigating these two factors in children with specific language impairment.
Recent Findings: Studies have shown that children with specific language impairment face constraints in phonological working memory capacity. Memory deficit is one possible cause of linguistic disorder in children with specific language impairment. However, in these children, disorder in information processing speed is observed, especially regarding the auditory aspect.
Conclusion: Much more research is required to adequately explain the relationship between phonological working memory and auditory processing speed with language. However, given the role of phonological working memory and auditory processing speed in language acquisition, a focus should be placed on phonological working memory capacity and auditory processing speed in the assessment and treatment of children with a specific language impairment.
1. Mohammadi R, Shirazi TS, Nilipour R, Rahgozar M, Pourshahbaz A. Comparing of metaphoric expressions comprehension between hearing impaired students and normal students of junior high school. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2010;10(4):15-20. Persian.
2. Mousavi N, Shirazi TS, Darouei A, Danaei Tousi M, Pourshahbaz A, Rahgozar M. Comparison of some of pragmatic skills between 4 to 6 years old Farsi speaking hard of hearing children with normal hearing peers. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2009;10(3):60-5. Persian.
3. Angell C. Language development and disorders: a case study approach. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publisher; 2009.
4. Stark RE, Tallal P. Selection of children with specific language deficits. J Speech Hear Disord. 1981;46(2):114-22.
5. Paul R. Language disorders from Infancy through adolescence: assessment and intervention. 3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
6. Ramus F, Marshall CR, Rosen S, van der Lely HK. Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: towards a multidimensional model. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 2):630-45.
7. Fisher SE, Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins KE, Monaco AP, Pembrey ME. Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nat Genet. 1998;18(2):168-70.
8. Lai CS, Fisher SE, Hurst JA, Vargha-Khadem F, Monaco AP. A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature. 2001;413(6855):519-23.
9. Leonard L. Children with specific language impairment. 2nd ed. Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1998.
10. Soriano-Mas C, Pujol J, Ortiz H, Deus J, López-Sala A, Sans A. Age-related brain structural alterations in children with specific language impairment. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(5):1626-36.
11. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Jalaei S. A comparison study in test of language development (TOLD) and speech samples between children with specific language impairment and their MLU matched group. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2009;2(3-4):25-33. Persian.
12. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Faghihzade S. The study of language performances of Persian children with specific language impairment. Audiol. 2011;20(2):11-21. Persian.
13. Tomblin JB, Records NL, Zhang X. A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(6):1284-94.
14. Nettelbladt U. Current theories of specific language impairment (SLI) in children. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 1998;23(3):97-105.
15. Joanisse MF, Seidenberg MS. Phonology and syntax in specific language impairment: evidence from a connectionist model. Brain Lang. 2003;86(1):40-56.
16. Marinis T. On the nature and cause of specific language impairment: a view from sentence processing and infant research. Lingua. 2011;121(3):463-75.
17. Oetting JB. Children with SLI use argument structure cues to learn verbs. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(5):1261-74.
18. Mohammadi M, Nilipoor R, Shirazi TS, Rahgozar M. Semantic differences of definitional skills between Persian speaking children with specific language impairment and normal language developing children. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2011;12(2):48-55. Persian.
19. Mohammadi M, Nilipour R, Shirazi TS, Rahgozar M. Examining expression of lexical categories in Farsi- speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Language Pathology. 2013;1(1):8-19. Persian.
20. Yazdani Z, Shirazi TS, Soleymani Z, Rrazavi MR, Dolatshahee B. Determine the effectiveness of Non word repetition task on some language indicators in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2013;14(3):115-23. Persian.
21. Lum JA, Conti-Ramsden G, Page D, Ullman MT. Working, declarative and procedural memory in specific language impairment. Cortex. 2012;48(9):1138-54.
22. van der Lely HK, Christian V. Lexical word formation in children with grammatical SLI: a grammar-specific versus an input-processing deficit? Cognition. 2000;75(1):33-63.
23. van Daal J, Verhoeven L, van Leeuwe J, van Balkom H. Working memory limitations in children with severe language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2008;41(2):85-107.
24. Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci. 2001;24(1):87-114.
25. Jonsdottir S, Bouma A, Sergeant JA, Scherder EJ. The impact of specific language impairment on working memory in children with ADHD combined subtype. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20(4):443-56.
26. Baddeley A. Working memory and language: an overview. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):189-208.
27. Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):829-39.
28. Baddeley AD, Thomson N, Buchanan M. Word length and the structure of short-term memory. J Mem Lang. 1975;14(6):575-89.
29. Haresabadi F, Shirazi TS. Phonological working memory and its relationship with language abilities in children with cochlear implants. Audiol. 2014;23(5):1-13. Persian.
30. Montgomery JW. Working memory and comprehension in children with specific language impairment: what we know so far. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):221-31.
31. Montgomery JW. Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2000;43(2):293-308.
32. Archibald LMD, Gathercole SE. Short-term and working memory in specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2006;41(6):675-93.
33. Nickisch A, von Kries R. Short-term memory (STM) constraints in children with specific language impairment (SLI): are there differences between receptive and expressive SLI? J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(3):578-95.
34. Marton K, Schwartz RG. Working memory capacity and language processes in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1138-53.
35. Conti-Ramsden G, Durkin K. Phonological short-term memory, language and literacy: developmental relationships in early adolescence in young people with SLI. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(2):147-56.
36. Mainela-Arnold E, Evans JL. Beyond capacity limitations: determinants of word recall performance on verbal working memory span tasks in children with SLI. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005;48(4):897-909.
37. Arjmandnia AA, Seifenaraghi M. Effect of rehearsal on working memory performance in dyslexic students. JBS. 2009;3(3):173-8. Persian.
38. Montgomery J. Sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment: effects of input rate and phonological working memory. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2004;39(1):115-33.
39. Bavin EL, Grayden DB, Scotti K, Stefanakis T. Testing auditory processing skills and their associations with language in 4-5-year-olds. Lang Speech. 2010;53(Pt 1):31-47.
40. Dlouha O, Novak A, Vokral J. Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in children with specific language impairment (SLI). Central auditory tests. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(6):903-7.
41. Montgomery JW. Effects of input rate and age on the real-time language processing of children with specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2005;40(2):171-88.
42. Alt M. Phonological working memory impairments in children with specific language impairment: where does the problem lie? J Commun Disord. 2011;44(2):173-85.
43. Fortunato-Tavares T, Rocha CN, Andrade CR, Befi-Lopes DM, Schochat E, Hestvik A, et al. Linguistic and auditory temporal processing in children with specific language impairment. Pro Fono. 2009;21(4):279-84.
44. Hill PR, Hogben JH, Bishop DM. Auditory frequency discrimination in children with specific language impairment: a longitudinal study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005;48(5):1136-46.
45. Benasich AA, Thomas JJ, Choudhury N, Leppänen PH. The importance of rapid auditory processing abilities to early language development: evidence from converging methodologies. Dev Psychobiol. 2002;40(3):278-92.
46. Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: is there a causal connection? J Mem Lang. 1990;29(3):336-60.
47. Bishop DV, North T, Donlan C. Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996;37(4):391-403.
48. Helenius P, Parviainen T, Paetau R, Salmelin R. Neural processing of spoken words in specific language impairment and dyslexia. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1918-27.
49. Kail R. A method for studying the generalized slowing hypothesis in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1994;37(2):418-21.
50. Tallal P, Piercy M. Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature. 1973;241(5390):468-9.
51. Evans JL, Selinger C, Pollak SD. P300 as a measure of processing capacity in auditory and visual domains in specific language impairment. Brain Res. 2011;1389:93-102.
52. Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC. Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19(1):78-94.
2. Mousavi N, Shirazi TS, Darouei A, Danaei Tousi M, Pourshahbaz A, Rahgozar M. Comparison of some of pragmatic skills between 4 to 6 years old Farsi speaking hard of hearing children with normal hearing peers. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2009;10(3):60-5. Persian.
3. Angell C. Language development and disorders: a case study approach. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publisher; 2009.
4. Stark RE, Tallal P. Selection of children with specific language deficits. J Speech Hear Disord. 1981;46(2):114-22.
5. Paul R. Language disorders from Infancy through adolescence: assessment and intervention. 3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
6. Ramus F, Marshall CR, Rosen S, van der Lely HK. Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: towards a multidimensional model. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 2):630-45.
7. Fisher SE, Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins KE, Monaco AP, Pembrey ME. Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nat Genet. 1998;18(2):168-70.
8. Lai CS, Fisher SE, Hurst JA, Vargha-Khadem F, Monaco AP. A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature. 2001;413(6855):519-23.
9. Leonard L. Children with specific language impairment. 2nd ed. Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1998.
10. Soriano-Mas C, Pujol J, Ortiz H, Deus J, López-Sala A, Sans A. Age-related brain structural alterations in children with specific language impairment. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(5):1626-36.
11. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Jalaei S. A comparison study in test of language development (TOLD) and speech samples between children with specific language impairment and their MLU matched group. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2009;2(3-4):25-33. Persian.
12. Maleki Shahmahmood T, Soleymani Z, Faghihzade S. The study of language performances of Persian children with specific language impairment. Audiol. 2011;20(2):11-21. Persian.
13. Tomblin JB, Records NL, Zhang X. A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. J Speech Hear Res. 1996;39(6):1284-94.
14. Nettelbladt U. Current theories of specific language impairment (SLI) in children. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 1998;23(3):97-105.
15. Joanisse MF, Seidenberg MS. Phonology and syntax in specific language impairment: evidence from a connectionist model. Brain Lang. 2003;86(1):40-56.
16. Marinis T. On the nature and cause of specific language impairment: a view from sentence processing and infant research. Lingua. 2011;121(3):463-75.
17. Oetting JB. Children with SLI use argument structure cues to learn verbs. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(5):1261-74.
18. Mohammadi M, Nilipoor R, Shirazi TS, Rahgozar M. Semantic differences of definitional skills between Persian speaking children with specific language impairment and normal language developing children. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2011;12(2):48-55. Persian.
19. Mohammadi M, Nilipour R, Shirazi TS, Rahgozar M. Examining expression of lexical categories in Farsi- speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Language Pathology. 2013;1(1):8-19. Persian.
20. Yazdani Z, Shirazi TS, Soleymani Z, Rrazavi MR, Dolatshahee B. Determine the effectiveness of Non word repetition task on some language indicators in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2013;14(3):115-23. Persian.
21. Lum JA, Conti-Ramsden G, Page D, Ullman MT. Working, declarative and procedural memory in specific language impairment. Cortex. 2012;48(9):1138-54.
22. van der Lely HK, Christian V. Lexical word formation in children with grammatical SLI: a grammar-specific versus an input-processing deficit? Cognition. 2000;75(1):33-63.
23. van Daal J, Verhoeven L, van Leeuwe J, van Balkom H. Working memory limitations in children with severe language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2008;41(2):85-107.
24. Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci. 2001;24(1):87-114.
25. Jonsdottir S, Bouma A, Sergeant JA, Scherder EJ. The impact of specific language impairment on working memory in children with ADHD combined subtype. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20(4):443-56.
26. Baddeley A. Working memory and language: an overview. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):189-208.
27. Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):829-39.
28. Baddeley AD, Thomson N, Buchanan M. Word length and the structure of short-term memory. J Mem Lang. 1975;14(6):575-89.
29. Haresabadi F, Shirazi TS. Phonological working memory and its relationship with language abilities in children with cochlear implants. Audiol. 2014;23(5):1-13. Persian.
30. Montgomery JW. Working memory and comprehension in children with specific language impairment: what we know so far. J Commun Disord. 2003;36(3):221-31.
31. Montgomery JW. Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2000;43(2):293-308.
32. Archibald LMD, Gathercole SE. Short-term and working memory in specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2006;41(6):675-93.
33. Nickisch A, von Kries R. Short-term memory (STM) constraints in children with specific language impairment (SLI): are there differences between receptive and expressive SLI? J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(3):578-95.
34. Marton K, Schwartz RG. Working memory capacity and language processes in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1138-53.
35. Conti-Ramsden G, Durkin K. Phonological short-term memory, language and literacy: developmental relationships in early adolescence in young people with SLI. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(2):147-56.
36. Mainela-Arnold E, Evans JL. Beyond capacity limitations: determinants of word recall performance on verbal working memory span tasks in children with SLI. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005;48(4):897-909.
37. Arjmandnia AA, Seifenaraghi M. Effect of rehearsal on working memory performance in dyslexic students. JBS. 2009;3(3):173-8. Persian.
38. Montgomery J. Sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment: effects of input rate and phonological working memory. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2004;39(1):115-33.
39. Bavin EL, Grayden DB, Scotti K, Stefanakis T. Testing auditory processing skills and their associations with language in 4-5-year-olds. Lang Speech. 2010;53(Pt 1):31-47.
40. Dlouha O, Novak A, Vokral J. Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in children with specific language impairment (SLI). Central auditory tests. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(6):903-7.
41. Montgomery JW. Effects of input rate and age on the real-time language processing of children with specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2005;40(2):171-88.
42. Alt M. Phonological working memory impairments in children with specific language impairment: where does the problem lie? J Commun Disord. 2011;44(2):173-85.
43. Fortunato-Tavares T, Rocha CN, Andrade CR, Befi-Lopes DM, Schochat E, Hestvik A, et al. Linguistic and auditory temporal processing in children with specific language impairment. Pro Fono. 2009;21(4):279-84.
44. Hill PR, Hogben JH, Bishop DM. Auditory frequency discrimination in children with specific language impairment: a longitudinal study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005;48(5):1136-46.
45. Benasich AA, Thomas JJ, Choudhury N, Leppänen PH. The importance of rapid auditory processing abilities to early language development: evidence from converging methodologies. Dev Psychobiol. 2002;40(3):278-92.
46. Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: is there a causal connection? J Mem Lang. 1990;29(3):336-60.
47. Bishop DV, North T, Donlan C. Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996;37(4):391-403.
48. Helenius P, Parviainen T, Paetau R, Salmelin R. Neural processing of spoken words in specific language impairment and dyslexia. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1918-27.
49. Kail R. A method for studying the generalized slowing hypothesis in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1994;37(2):418-21.
50. Tallal P, Piercy M. Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature. 1973;241(5390):468-9.
51. Evans JL, Selinger C, Pollak SD. P300 as a measure of processing capacity in auditory and visual domains in specific language impairment. Brain Res. 2011;1389:93-102.
52. Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC. Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19(1):78-94.
| Issue | Vol 23 No 6 (2015) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Specific language impairment working memory auditory processing children language disorders | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Haresabadi F, Shirazi TS. Phonological working memory and auditory processing speed in children with specific language impairment. Aud Vestib Res. 2017;23(6):32-44.
