The effects of preterm birth on neural development, language acquisition, and auditory system
Abstract
Background and Aim: In the last few decades, the total number of preterm newborns, with gestational age less than 35 weeks, who survived the prematurity conditions, has increased significantly. This might lead to a high prevalence of late neurocognitive and developmental abnormalities. The neurological development is closely related to the hearing and language acquisition; these factors play a crucial role in social and emotional growth. The present review emphasizes the consequences of preterm birth on neurodevelopment, speech-language, and auditory system.
Recent Findings: The relationship between the preterm birth and neural developmental indicates that prematurity could lead to a higher risk of cerebral palsy, developmental delay, and mental retardation as compared to the birth at term. The preterm newborns would be deprived of normally enriched hearing experience during the length of hospital stay, which is markedly different from that of the typical full-term newborns. This altered hearing ability might impede the early normal development of auditory neural pathways in preterm children, posing serious concerns about the acquisition of speech and language skills as compared to their normal peers.
Conclusion: Alterations in auditory and higher cortical functions in preterm children can lead to suboptimal cognition and language skills. In order to prevent and mitigate these consequences, a long-term follow-up of neurodevelopment, auditory, and linguistic abilities is proposed to fully recognize the sources of problems, and if necessary, implement the intervention programs.
1. Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, Betran AP, Merialdi M, Requejo JH, et al. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(1):31-8. doi: 10.2471/blt.08.062554.
2. Bisiacchi PS, Mento G, Suppiej A. Cortical auditory processing in preterm newborns: an ERP study. Biol Psychol. 2009;82(2):176-85. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.07.005.
3. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371(9606):75-84. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60074-4.
4. Chyi LJ, Lee HC, Hintz SR, Gould JB, Sutcliffe TL. School outcomes of late preterm infants: special needs and challenges for infants born at 32 to 36 weeks gestation. J Pediatr. 2008;153(1):25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.027.
5. Basso O, Olsen J, Knudsen LB, Christensen K. Low birth weight and preterm birth after short interpregnancy intervals. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(2):259-63. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)80010-0.
6. Smith GC, Pell JP, Dobbie R. Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retro¬spective cohort study. BMJ. 2003;327(7410):313. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7410.313.
7. Bless JJ, Hugdahl K, Westerhausen R, Løhaugen GC, Eidheim OC, Brubakk AM, et al. Cognitive control deficits in adolescents born with very low birth weight (≤ 1500 g): evidence from dichotic listening. Scand J Psychol. 2013;54(3):179-87. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12032.
8. Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Improved survival rates with increased neurodevelopmental disability for extremely low birth weight infants in the 1990s. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):997-1003. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0221.
9. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):717-28. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2816.
10. Hasani S, Jafari Z. Effect of infant prematurity on auditory brainstem response at preschool age. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(71):107-14. PMCID: PMC3846261.
11. Samra HA, McGrath JM, Wehbe M. An integrated review of developmental outcomes and late-preterm birth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011;40(4):399-411. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01270.x.
12. Saigal S, Doyle LW. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet. 2008;371(9608):261-9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60136-1.
13. Cifuentes J, Bronstein J, Phibbs CS, Phibbs RH, Schmitt SK, Carlo WA. Mortality in low birth weight infants according to level of neonatal care at hospital of birth. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):745-51. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.5.745.
14. EXPRESS Group, Fellman V, Hellström-Westas L, Norman M, Westgren M, Källén K, et al. One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden. JAMA. 2009;301(21):2225-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.771.
15. Hövel H, Partanen E, Huotilainen M, Lindgren M, Rosén I, Fellman V. Auditory event-related potentials at preschool age in children born very preterm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(3):449-56. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.07.026.
16. Maalouf EF, Duggan PJ, Counsell SJ, Rutherford MA, Cowan F, Azzopardi D, et al. Comparison of findings on cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107(4):719-27. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.4.719.
17. Inder TE, Wells SJ, Mogridge NB, Spencer C, Volpe JJ. Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pediatr. 2003;143(2):171-9. doi: 10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00357-3.
18. Inder TE, Warfield SK, Wang H, Hüppi PS, Volpe JJ. Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):286-94. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0326.
19. Nosarti C, Al-Asady MH, Frangou S, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM. Adolescents who were born very preterm have decreased brain volumes. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 7):1616-23. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf157.
20. Thompson DK, Warfield SK, Carlin JB, Pavlovic M, Wang HX, Bear M, et al. Perinatal risk factors altering regional brain structure in the preterm infant. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 3):667-77. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl277.
21. Murphy BP, Inder TE, Huppi PS, Warfield S, Zientara GP, Kikinis R, et al. Impaired cerebral cortical gray matter growth after treatment with dexamethasone for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):217-21. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.2.217.
22. Beauchamp MH, Thompson DK, Howard K, Doyle LW, Egan GF, Inder TE, et al. Preterm infant hippocampal volumes correlate with later working memory deficits. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 11):2986-94. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn227.
23. Petrini JR, Dias T, McCormick MC, Massolo ML, Green NS, Escobar GJ. Increased risk of adverse neurological development for late preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2009;154(2):169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.020.
24. Moster D, Lie RT, Markestad T. Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):262-73. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa0706475.
25. Fraello D, Maller-Kesselman J, Vohr B, Katz KH, Kesler S, Schneider K, et al. Consequence of preterm birth in early adolescence: the role of language on auditory short-term memory. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(6):738-42. doi: 10.1177/0883073810391904.
26. Nishida T, Kusaka T, Isobe K, Ijichi S, Okubo K, Iwase T, et al. Extrauterine environment affects the cortical responses to verbal stimulation in preterm infants. Neurosci Lett. 2008;443(1):23-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.035.
27. Kesler SR, Vohr B, Schneider KC, Katz KH, Makuch RW, Reiss AL, et al. Increased temporal lobe gyrification in preterm children. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(3):445-53. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.015.
28. Ment LR, Peterson BS, Vohr B, Allan W, Schneider KC, Lacadie C, et al. Cortical recruitment patterns in children born prematurely compared with control subjects during a passive listening functional magnetic resonance imaging task. J Pediatr. 2006;149(4):490-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.007.
29. Schafer RJ, Lacadie C, Vohr B, Kesler SR, Katz KH, Schneider KC, et al. Alterations in functional connectivity for language in prematurely born adolescents. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 3):661-70. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn353.
30. Mullen KM, Vohr BR, Katz KH, Schneider KC, Lacadie C, Hampson M, et al. Preterm birth results in alterations in neural connectivity at age 16 years. Neuroimage. 2011;54(4):2563-70. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.019.
31. Gozzo Y, Vohr B, Lacadie C, Hampson M, Katz KH, Maller-Kesselman J, et al. Alterations in neural connectivity in preterm children at school age. Neuroimage. 2009;48(2):458-63. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.046.
32. Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Dunning DL. Adaptive train¬ing leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Dev Sci. 2009;12(4):F9-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00848.x.
33. Scafidi J, Fagel DM, Ment LR, Vaccarino FM. Modeling premature brain injury and recovery. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009;27(8):863-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.05.009.
34. Moon C. The role of early auditory development in attachment and communication. Clin Perinatol. 2011;38(4):657-69. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2011.08.009.
35. Wolke D, Samara M, Bracewell M, Marlow N; EPICure Study Group. Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less. J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):256-62. e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.043.
36. Duncan AF, Watterberg KL, Nolen TL, Vohr BR, Adams-Chapman I, Das A, et al. Effect of ethnicity and race on cognitive and language testing at age 18-22 months in extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2012;160(6):966-71.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.009.
37. Ortiz-Mantilla S, Choudhury N, Leevers H, Benasich AA. Understanding language and cognitive deficits in very low birth weight children. Dev Psychobiol. 2008;50(2):107-26. doi: 10.1002/dev.20278.
38. Herold B, Höhle B, Walch E, Weber T, Obladen M. Impaired word stress pattern discrimination in very-low-birthweight infants during the first 6 months of life. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(9):678-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03055.x.
39. van Noort-van der Spek IL, Franken MC, Weisglas-Kuperus N. Language functions in preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):745-54. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1728.
40. Luu TM, Vohr BR, Allan W, Schneider KC, Ment LR. Evidence for catch-up in cognition and receptive vocabulary among adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics. 2011;128(2):313-22. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2655.
41. Barde LH, Yeatman JD, Lee ES, Glover G, Feldman HM. Differences in neural activation between preterm and full term born adolescents on a sentence comprehension task: implications for educational accommodations. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012;2 Suppl 1:S114-28. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.10.002.
42. Luu TM, Vohr BR, Schneider KC, Katz KH, Tucker R, Allan WC, et al. Trajectories of receptive language development from 3 to 12 years of age for very preterm children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):333-41. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2587.
43. Graven SN. Sound and the developing infant in the NICU: conclusions and recommendations for care. J Perinatol. 2000;20(8 Pt 2):S88-93. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7200444.
44. Carvallo RM, Sanches SG, Ibidi SM, Soares JC, Durante AS. Efferent inhibition of otoacoustic emissions in preterm neonates. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;81(5):491-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.07.008.
45. Hepper PG, Shahidullah BS. Development of fetal hearing. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71(2):F81-7. doi: 10.1136/fn.71.2.f81.
46. Mikkola K, Kushnerenko E, Partanen E, Serenius-Sirve S, Leipälä J, Huotilainen M, et al. Auditory event-related potentials and cognitive function of preterm children at five years of age. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(7):1494-502. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.012.
47. Jiang ZD. Maturation of the auditory brainstem in low risk-preterm infants: a comparison with age-matched full term infants up to 6 years. Early Hum Dev. 1995;42(1):49-65. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(95)01639-k.
48. Jiang ZD, Ping LL. Functional integrity of rostral regions of the immature brainstem is impaired in babies born extremely preterm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(2):1581-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.09.132.
49. Koenighofer M, Parzefall T, Ramsebner R, Lucas T, Frei K. Delayed auditory pathway maturation and prematurity. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2015;127(11-12):440-4. doi: 10.1007/s00508-014-0653-y.
50. Jiang ZD, Chen C. Impaired neural conduction in the auditory brainstem of high-risk very preterm infants. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(6):1231-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.012.
51. Stipdonk LW, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Franken MC, Nasserinejad K, Dudink J, Goedegebure A. Auditory brainstem maturation in normal-hearing infants born preterm: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(10):1009-15. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13151.
52. Pasman JW, Rotteveel JJ, de Graaf R, Maassen B, Visco YM. The effects of early and late preterm birth on brainstem and middle-latency auditory evoked responses in children with normal neurodevelopment. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;13(3):234-41. doi: 10.1097/00004691-199605000-00007.
53. Hasani S, Jafari Z, Rouhbakhsh N, Salehi M, Panahi R. [Effect of sex and rate of stimulus on auditory brainstem esponses of children with history of preterm birth]. Audiol. 2013;22(2):83-93. Persian.
2. Bisiacchi PS, Mento G, Suppiej A. Cortical auditory processing in preterm newborns: an ERP study. Biol Psychol. 2009;82(2):176-85. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.07.005.
3. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371(9606):75-84. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60074-4.
4. Chyi LJ, Lee HC, Hintz SR, Gould JB, Sutcliffe TL. School outcomes of late preterm infants: special needs and challenges for infants born at 32 to 36 weeks gestation. J Pediatr. 2008;153(1):25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.027.
5. Basso O, Olsen J, Knudsen LB, Christensen K. Low birth weight and preterm birth after short interpregnancy intervals. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(2):259-63. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)80010-0.
6. Smith GC, Pell JP, Dobbie R. Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retro¬spective cohort study. BMJ. 2003;327(7410):313. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7410.313.
7. Bless JJ, Hugdahl K, Westerhausen R, Løhaugen GC, Eidheim OC, Brubakk AM, et al. Cognitive control deficits in adolescents born with very low birth weight (≤ 1500 g): evidence from dichotic listening. Scand J Psychol. 2013;54(3):179-87. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12032.
8. Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Improved survival rates with increased neurodevelopmental disability for extremely low birth weight infants in the 1990s. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):997-1003. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0221.
9. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):717-28. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2816.
10. Hasani S, Jafari Z. Effect of infant prematurity on auditory brainstem response at preschool age. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;25(71):107-14. PMCID: PMC3846261.
11. Samra HA, McGrath JM, Wehbe M. An integrated review of developmental outcomes and late-preterm birth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011;40(4):399-411. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01270.x.
12. Saigal S, Doyle LW. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet. 2008;371(9608):261-9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60136-1.
13. Cifuentes J, Bronstein J, Phibbs CS, Phibbs RH, Schmitt SK, Carlo WA. Mortality in low birth weight infants according to level of neonatal care at hospital of birth. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):745-51. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.5.745.
14. EXPRESS Group, Fellman V, Hellström-Westas L, Norman M, Westgren M, Källén K, et al. One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden. JAMA. 2009;301(21):2225-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.771.
15. Hövel H, Partanen E, Huotilainen M, Lindgren M, Rosén I, Fellman V. Auditory event-related potentials at preschool age in children born very preterm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(3):449-56. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.07.026.
16. Maalouf EF, Duggan PJ, Counsell SJ, Rutherford MA, Cowan F, Azzopardi D, et al. Comparison of findings on cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107(4):719-27. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.4.719.
17. Inder TE, Wells SJ, Mogridge NB, Spencer C, Volpe JJ. Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pediatr. 2003;143(2):171-9. doi: 10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00357-3.
18. Inder TE, Warfield SK, Wang H, Hüppi PS, Volpe JJ. Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):286-94. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0326.
19. Nosarti C, Al-Asady MH, Frangou S, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM. Adolescents who were born very preterm have decreased brain volumes. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 7):1616-23. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf157.
20. Thompson DK, Warfield SK, Carlin JB, Pavlovic M, Wang HX, Bear M, et al. Perinatal risk factors altering regional brain structure in the preterm infant. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 3):667-77. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl277.
21. Murphy BP, Inder TE, Huppi PS, Warfield S, Zientara GP, Kikinis R, et al. Impaired cerebral cortical gray matter growth after treatment with dexamethasone for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):217-21. doi: 10.1542/peds.107.2.217.
22. Beauchamp MH, Thompson DK, Howard K, Doyle LW, Egan GF, Inder TE, et al. Preterm infant hippocampal volumes correlate with later working memory deficits. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 11):2986-94. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn227.
23. Petrini JR, Dias T, McCormick MC, Massolo ML, Green NS, Escobar GJ. Increased risk of adverse neurological development for late preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2009;154(2):169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.020.
24. Moster D, Lie RT, Markestad T. Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):262-73. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa0706475.
25. Fraello D, Maller-Kesselman J, Vohr B, Katz KH, Kesler S, Schneider K, et al. Consequence of preterm birth in early adolescence: the role of language on auditory short-term memory. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(6):738-42. doi: 10.1177/0883073810391904.
26. Nishida T, Kusaka T, Isobe K, Ijichi S, Okubo K, Iwase T, et al. Extrauterine environment affects the cortical responses to verbal stimulation in preterm infants. Neurosci Lett. 2008;443(1):23-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.035.
27. Kesler SR, Vohr B, Schneider KC, Katz KH, Makuch RW, Reiss AL, et al. Increased temporal lobe gyrification in preterm children. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(3):445-53. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.015.
28. Ment LR, Peterson BS, Vohr B, Allan W, Schneider KC, Lacadie C, et al. Cortical recruitment patterns in children born prematurely compared with control subjects during a passive listening functional magnetic resonance imaging task. J Pediatr. 2006;149(4):490-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.007.
29. Schafer RJ, Lacadie C, Vohr B, Kesler SR, Katz KH, Schneider KC, et al. Alterations in functional connectivity for language in prematurely born adolescents. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 3):661-70. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn353.
30. Mullen KM, Vohr BR, Katz KH, Schneider KC, Lacadie C, Hampson M, et al. Preterm birth results in alterations in neural connectivity at age 16 years. Neuroimage. 2011;54(4):2563-70. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.019.
31. Gozzo Y, Vohr B, Lacadie C, Hampson M, Katz KH, Maller-Kesselman J, et al. Alterations in neural connectivity in preterm children at school age. Neuroimage. 2009;48(2):458-63. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.046.
32. Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Dunning DL. Adaptive train¬ing leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Dev Sci. 2009;12(4):F9-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00848.x.
33. Scafidi J, Fagel DM, Ment LR, Vaccarino FM. Modeling premature brain injury and recovery. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009;27(8):863-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.05.009.
34. Moon C. The role of early auditory development in attachment and communication. Clin Perinatol. 2011;38(4):657-69. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2011.08.009.
35. Wolke D, Samara M, Bracewell M, Marlow N; EPICure Study Group. Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less. J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):256-62. e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.043.
36. Duncan AF, Watterberg KL, Nolen TL, Vohr BR, Adams-Chapman I, Das A, et al. Effect of ethnicity and race on cognitive and language testing at age 18-22 months in extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2012;160(6):966-71.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.009.
37. Ortiz-Mantilla S, Choudhury N, Leevers H, Benasich AA. Understanding language and cognitive deficits in very low birth weight children. Dev Psychobiol. 2008;50(2):107-26. doi: 10.1002/dev.20278.
38. Herold B, Höhle B, Walch E, Weber T, Obladen M. Impaired word stress pattern discrimination in very-low-birthweight infants during the first 6 months of life. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(9):678-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03055.x.
39. van Noort-van der Spek IL, Franken MC, Weisglas-Kuperus N. Language functions in preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):745-54. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1728.
40. Luu TM, Vohr BR, Allan W, Schneider KC, Ment LR. Evidence for catch-up in cognition and receptive vocabulary among adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics. 2011;128(2):313-22. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2655.
41. Barde LH, Yeatman JD, Lee ES, Glover G, Feldman HM. Differences in neural activation between preterm and full term born adolescents on a sentence comprehension task: implications for educational accommodations. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012;2 Suppl 1:S114-28. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.10.002.
42. Luu TM, Vohr BR, Schneider KC, Katz KH, Tucker R, Allan WC, et al. Trajectories of receptive language development from 3 to 12 years of age for very preterm children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):333-41. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2587.
43. Graven SN. Sound and the developing infant in the NICU: conclusions and recommendations for care. J Perinatol. 2000;20(8 Pt 2):S88-93. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7200444.
44. Carvallo RM, Sanches SG, Ibidi SM, Soares JC, Durante AS. Efferent inhibition of otoacoustic emissions in preterm neonates. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;81(5):491-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.07.008.
45. Hepper PG, Shahidullah BS. Development of fetal hearing. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71(2):F81-7. doi: 10.1136/fn.71.2.f81.
46. Mikkola K, Kushnerenko E, Partanen E, Serenius-Sirve S, Leipälä J, Huotilainen M, et al. Auditory event-related potentials and cognitive function of preterm children at five years of age. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(7):1494-502. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.012.
47. Jiang ZD. Maturation of the auditory brainstem in low risk-preterm infants: a comparison with age-matched full term infants up to 6 years. Early Hum Dev. 1995;42(1):49-65. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(95)01639-k.
48. Jiang ZD, Ping LL. Functional integrity of rostral regions of the immature brainstem is impaired in babies born extremely preterm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(2):1581-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.09.132.
49. Koenighofer M, Parzefall T, Ramsebner R, Lucas T, Frei K. Delayed auditory pathway maturation and prematurity. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2015;127(11-12):440-4. doi: 10.1007/s00508-014-0653-y.
50. Jiang ZD, Chen C. Impaired neural conduction in the auditory brainstem of high-risk very preterm infants. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(6):1231-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.012.
51. Stipdonk LW, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Franken MC, Nasserinejad K, Dudink J, Goedegebure A. Auditory brainstem maturation in normal-hearing infants born preterm: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(10):1009-15. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13151.
52. Pasman JW, Rotteveel JJ, de Graaf R, Maassen B, Visco YM. The effects of early and late preterm birth on brainstem and middle-latency auditory evoked responses in children with normal neurodevelopment. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;13(3):234-41. doi: 10.1097/00004691-199605000-00007.
53. Hasani S, Jafari Z, Rouhbakhsh N, Salehi M, Panahi R. [Effect of sex and rate of stimulus on auditory brainstem esponses of children with history of preterm birth]. Audiol. 2013;22(2):83-93. Persian.
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| Issue | Vol 26 No 3 (2017) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Preterm birth auditory system neural development speech language | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Moossavi A, Panahi R. The effects of preterm birth on neural development, language acquisition, and auditory system. Aud Vestib Res. 2017;26(3):117-124.
