Metaphor Skills in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals: A Systematic Review
-
Ahmadreza Nazeri
,
Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari
,
Farnaz Fathollahzadeh
,
Azadeh Borna
,
Mahdi Azizi
,
Navid Mirzakhany
,
Reyhaneh Jafari
,
Seyede Zohre Mousavi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Metaphor is a vital element of human communication, facilitating the expression of complex ideas and emotions. However, little is known about metaphor in individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). This systematic review addressed a critical knowledge gap by providing the first comprehensive synthesis of methodologies used to study metaphor competence in individuals who are DHH. It aimed to build a cohesive understanding by examining the types, characteristics, and limitations of the tasks employed, which have not been previously aggregated and analyzed.
Recent Findings: An initial search of 331 articles was narrowed to 53 after removing duplicates and screening titles. An additional 10 articles were found through supplementary searches. After a full-text review, 29 articles were excluded for being irrelevant outcomes or language, leaving 24 eligible studies for the final analysis. 926 DHH and 1234 normal hearing participants were analyzed. Results revealed considerable variability. While some studies report no significant differences between DHH and hearing individuals, others indicate that DHH individuals =have difficulties with metaphor, especially with complex or novel forms.
Conclusions: This review provides the first comprehensive overview of metaphor competence in DHH individuals, revealing its multidimensional nature and the impact of multiple linguistic and developmental factors. It underscores the need for targeted research and the creation of suitable assessment tools to inform educational and clinical practices, supporting improved metaphor comprehension and use in DHH populations.
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2. Coulson S, Lai VT. The metaphorical brain. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016; 9:699. [Link]
3. Turnbull J, Lea D, Parkinson D, Phillips P, Francis B, Webb S, et al. Oxford advanced learner's dictionary. 2010. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oxford_Advanced_Learner_s_Dictionary_8th/t90oQgAACAAJ?hl=en
4. Gentner D, Bowdle B. Metaphor as structure-mapping. In: Gibbs, Jr. RW, editor. The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 2008. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511816802.008]
5. Lakoff G, Johnson M. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. [Link]
6. Mousavi SZ, Fathollahzadeh F, Nazeri A, Borna A, Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari B. [Metaphor processing in hearing and speech/language sciences: A narrative review (Persian)]. Sci J Rehabil Med. 2025; 14(1):2-13. [DOI:10.32598/SJRM.14.1.3294]
7. Edwards L, Marschark M, Kronenberger WG, Crowe K, Walton D. Inferencing abilities of deaf college students: Foundations and implications for metaphor comprehension and theory of mind. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2021; 33:233-58. [DOI:10.1007/s10882-020-09746-w]
8. Wegerif R. Teaching thinking: Metaphors and taxonomies. In: Dialogic Education and Technology. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, vol 7. Boston, MA: Springer; 2007. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-71142-3_7]
9. Dunn CC, Walker EA, Oleson J, Kenworthy M, Van Voorst T, Tomblin JB, et al. Longitudinal speech perception and language performance in pediatric cochlear implant users: The effect of age at implantation. Ear Hear. 2014; 35(2):148-60. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182a4a8f0]
10. Svirsky MA, Teoh SW, Neuburger H. Development of language and speech perception in congenitally, profoundly deaf children as a function of age at cochlear implantation. Audiol Neurootol. 2004; 9(4):224-33. [DOI:10.1159/000078392]
11. Mousavi SZ, Maleki M, Maarefvand M, Borna A. Investigating the effects of face mask on word recognition score test during the covid-19 outbreak: Considerations and limitations. J Mod Rehabil. 2023. [DOI:10.18502/jmr.v18i1.14729]
12. Borna A, Mousavi SZ, Fathollahzadeh F, Nazeri A, Harari RE. Applications of augmented and virtual reality in enhancing communication for individuals who are hard of hearing: A systematic review. Am J Audiol. 2024 ;33(4):1378-94. [DOI:10.1044/2024_AJA-24-00056]
13. Niparko JK, Tobey EA, Thal DJ, Eisenberg LS, Wang NY, Quittner AL, et al. Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. JAMA. 2010; 303(15):1498-506. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.451] [PMID]
14. Nicastri M, Filipo R, Ruoppolo G, Viccaro M, Dincer H, Guerzoni L, et al. Inferences and metaphoric comprehension in unilaterally implanted children with adequate formal oral language performance. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;7 8(5):821-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.02.022]
15. Trezek BJ, Wang Y, Paul PV. Processes and components of reading. In: Marschark M, , Spencer PE, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Volume 1 (2nd edn). Oxford: Oxford Press; 2010. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199750986.013.0008]
16. Moore BCJ. Speech processing for the hearing-impaired: Successes, failures, and implications for speech mechanisms. Speech Commun. 2003; 41(1):81-91. [DOI:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00095-X]
17. Gold R, Segal O. Metaphor comprehension by deaf young adults. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2017; 22(3):316-25. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enx010]
18. Golden A. Grasping the point: A study of 15-year-old students’ comprehension of metaphorical expressions in schoolbooks. In: Low G, Todd Z, Deignan A, Cameron A, editors. Researching and Applying Metaphor in the Real World. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2010. p. 35-62. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oxford_Advanced_Learner_s_Dictionary_8th/t90oQgAACAAJ?hl=en
19. Nippold MA, Sullivan MP. Verbal and perceptual analogical reasoning and proportional metaphor comprehension in young children. J Speech Hear Res. 1987; 30(3):367-76. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3003.367]
20. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372:n71. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.n71]
21. Ma LL, Wang YY, Yang ZH, Huang D, Weng H, Zeng X. T Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better? Mil Med Res. 2020; 7(1):7. [DOI:10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8]
22. Knapik DM, Gopinatth V, Jackson GR, Chahla J, Smith MV, Matava MJ, et al. Global variation in isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Exp Orthop. 2022; 9(1):104. [DOI:10.1186/s40634-022-00541-4]
23. Inman PR, Lian M-GJ. Conservation and Metaphor Performance Among Children with Hearing Impairments. JADARA. 1991;25(1):9.
24. Wolgemuth KS, Kamhi AG, Lee RFJL. Metaphor performance in children with hearing impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 1998;2 9(4):216-231. [DOI:10.1044/0161-1461.2904.216]
25. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon PL, Healy S. Auditory specialization in deaf children: Aural and cognitive interactions. Am Ann Deaf. 1994;1 39(2):80-5. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0049]
26. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon PL. Conservation and metaphor acquisition in hearing-impaired children. Some relationships with communication mode, hearing acuity, schooling, and age. Am Ann Deaf. 1991; 136(4):313-20. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0495]
27. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon P, Leitner J, Baechle CL. Metaphor and conservation in hearing-impaired children: Cued speech, manually-coded English and oral-aural comparisons. J Child Commun Disorder. 1988; 11(2):253-62. [DOI:10.1177/152574018801100203]
28. Rittenhouse RK, Stearns K. Figurative language and reading comprehension in American deaf and hard-of-hearing children: textual interactions. Br J Disord Commun. 1990; 25(3):369-74. [DOI:10.3109/13682829009011984]
29. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon PL. Teaching idiomatic expressions. A comparison of two instructional methods. Am Ann Deaf. 1990; 135(4):322-6. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0530]
30. Orlando AM, Shulman BB. Severe-to-profound hearing-impaired children's comprehension of figurative language. J Child Commun Disorder. 1989; 12(2):157-65. [DOI:10.1177/152574018901200205]
31. Everhart VS, Marschark M. Linguistic flexibility in signed and written language productions of deaf children. J Exp Child Psychol. 1988; 46(2):174-93. [DOI:10.1016/0022-0965(88)90056-2]
32. Marschark M, West SA. Creative language abilities of deaf children. J Speech Hear Res. 1985; 28(1):73-8. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2801.73]
33. Marschark M, West SA, Nall L, Everhart V. Development of creative language devices in signed and oral production. J Exp Child Psychol. 1986; 41(3):534-50. [DOI:10.1016/0022-0965(86)90008-1]
34. Rittenhouse RK, Morreau LE, Iran-Nejad A. Metaphor and conservation in deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Am Ann Deaf. 1981 ;126(4):450-3. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.1444]
35. Gu Y, Zheng Y, Swerts M. Does Mandarin spatial metaphor for time influence Chinese deaf signers’ spatio-temporal reasoning?. InProceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2017 (Vol. 39). https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qq1f3rp/qt1qq1f3rp.pdf.
36. Kunisue K, Fukushima K, Kawasaki A, Maeda Y, Nagayasu R, Kataoka Y, et al. Comprehension of abstract words among hearing impaired children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 71(11):1671-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.06.015]
37. Giang DL C Inho Ch. Sciences B. Comprehension of figurative language by hearing impaired children in special primary schools. Procedia Soci BehavSci 2015;191:506-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.448]
38. González-Cuenca A, Linero MJ. Lies and Irony Understanding in Deaf and Hearing Adolescents. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2020; 25(4):517-29. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enaa014]
39. Bahrami H, Faramarzi S, Amouzadeh MJA, Research V. A comparative study of metaphorical expression understanding between children with cochlear implants and normal children. Aud Vestib Res. 2018; 131-6. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v27i3.54]
40. Soltani V, Nilipour R, Purmohammad M, Hasani-Abharian P. Comprehension problems of embodied metaphors in 5 to 7 year-old hearing impaired Persian speaking children. Func Disabil J. 2019; 2(1):111-8. [DOI:10.34171/fdj.2.15]
41. Kawar K, Walters J, Fichman S.Evaluation devices in the narratives of deaf/hard of hearing and hearing Arabic‐speaking adolescents. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2024; 59(1):180-194. [DOI:10.1111/1460-6984.12938]
42. Hilviu D, Parola A, Vivaldo S, Di Lisi D, Consolino P, Bosco FM. Children with hearing impairment and early cochlear implant: A pragmatic assessment. Heliyon. 2021; 7(7):e07428. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07428]
43. Iran-Nejad A, Ortony A, Rittenhouse RK. The comprehension of metaphorical uses of English by deaf children. J Speech Hear Res. 1981; 24(4):551-6. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2404.551]
44. Moeller MP. Current state of knowledge: Psychosocial development in children with hearing impairment. Ear Hear. 2007; 28(6):729-39. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0b013e318157f033]
45. Podury A, Jiam NT, Kim M, Donnenfield JI, Dhand A. Hearing and sociality: The implications of hearing loss on social life. Front Neurosci. 2023; 17:1245434. [DOI:10.3389/fnins.2023.1245434]
46. Hasanati F, Agharasouli Z, Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari B, Kamali M. [Sentence repetition test for measurement of grammatical development in Farsi speaking children]. Audiol. 2011; 20(1):73-81. Persian
47. McGurk H, MacDonald J. Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature. 1976; 264(5588):746-8. [DOI:10.1038/264746a0]
48. Summers V, Makashay MJ, Theodoroff SM, Leek MR. Suprathreshold auditory processing and speech perception in noise: Hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 2013; 24(4):274-92. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.24.4.4]
2. Coulson S, Lai VT. The metaphorical brain. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016; 9:699. [Link]
3. Turnbull J, Lea D, Parkinson D, Phillips P, Francis B, Webb S, et al. Oxford advanced learner's dictionary. 2010. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oxford_Advanced_Learner_s_Dictionary_8th/t90oQgAACAAJ?hl=en
4. Gentner D, Bowdle B. Metaphor as structure-mapping. In: Gibbs, Jr. RW, editor. The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 2008. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511816802.008]
5. Lakoff G, Johnson M. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. [Link]
6. Mousavi SZ, Fathollahzadeh F, Nazeri A, Borna A, Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari B. [Metaphor processing in hearing and speech/language sciences: A narrative review (Persian)]. Sci J Rehabil Med. 2025; 14(1):2-13. [DOI:10.32598/SJRM.14.1.3294]
7. Edwards L, Marschark M, Kronenberger WG, Crowe K, Walton D. Inferencing abilities of deaf college students: Foundations and implications for metaphor comprehension and theory of mind. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2021; 33:233-58. [DOI:10.1007/s10882-020-09746-w]
8. Wegerif R. Teaching thinking: Metaphors and taxonomies. In: Dialogic Education and Technology. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, vol 7. Boston, MA: Springer; 2007. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-71142-3_7]
9. Dunn CC, Walker EA, Oleson J, Kenworthy M, Van Voorst T, Tomblin JB, et al. Longitudinal speech perception and language performance in pediatric cochlear implant users: The effect of age at implantation. Ear Hear. 2014; 35(2):148-60. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182a4a8f0]
10. Svirsky MA, Teoh SW, Neuburger H. Development of language and speech perception in congenitally, profoundly deaf children as a function of age at cochlear implantation. Audiol Neurootol. 2004; 9(4):224-33. [DOI:10.1159/000078392]
11. Mousavi SZ, Maleki M, Maarefvand M, Borna A. Investigating the effects of face mask on word recognition score test during the covid-19 outbreak: Considerations and limitations. J Mod Rehabil. 2023. [DOI:10.18502/jmr.v18i1.14729]
12. Borna A, Mousavi SZ, Fathollahzadeh F, Nazeri A, Harari RE. Applications of augmented and virtual reality in enhancing communication for individuals who are hard of hearing: A systematic review. Am J Audiol. 2024 ;33(4):1378-94. [DOI:10.1044/2024_AJA-24-00056]
13. Niparko JK, Tobey EA, Thal DJ, Eisenberg LS, Wang NY, Quittner AL, et al. Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. JAMA. 2010; 303(15):1498-506. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.451] [PMID]
14. Nicastri M, Filipo R, Ruoppolo G, Viccaro M, Dincer H, Guerzoni L, et al. Inferences and metaphoric comprehension in unilaterally implanted children with adequate formal oral language performance. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;7 8(5):821-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.02.022]
15. Trezek BJ, Wang Y, Paul PV. Processes and components of reading. In: Marschark M, , Spencer PE, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Volume 1 (2nd edn). Oxford: Oxford Press; 2010. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199750986.013.0008]
16. Moore BCJ. Speech processing for the hearing-impaired: Successes, failures, and implications for speech mechanisms. Speech Commun. 2003; 41(1):81-91. [DOI:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00095-X]
17. Gold R, Segal O. Metaphor comprehension by deaf young adults. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2017; 22(3):316-25. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enx010]
18. Golden A. Grasping the point: A study of 15-year-old students’ comprehension of metaphorical expressions in schoolbooks. In: Low G, Todd Z, Deignan A, Cameron A, editors. Researching and Applying Metaphor in the Real World. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2010. p. 35-62. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oxford_Advanced_Learner_s_Dictionary_8th/t90oQgAACAAJ?hl=en
19. Nippold MA, Sullivan MP. Verbal and perceptual analogical reasoning and proportional metaphor comprehension in young children. J Speech Hear Res. 1987; 30(3):367-76. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3003.367]
20. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372:n71. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.n71]
21. Ma LL, Wang YY, Yang ZH, Huang D, Weng H, Zeng X. T Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better? Mil Med Res. 2020; 7(1):7. [DOI:10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8]
22. Knapik DM, Gopinatth V, Jackson GR, Chahla J, Smith MV, Matava MJ, et al. Global variation in isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Exp Orthop. 2022; 9(1):104. [DOI:10.1186/s40634-022-00541-4]
23. Inman PR, Lian M-GJ. Conservation and Metaphor Performance Among Children with Hearing Impairments. JADARA. 1991;25(1):9.
24. Wolgemuth KS, Kamhi AG, Lee RFJL. Metaphor performance in children with hearing impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 1998;2 9(4):216-231. [DOI:10.1044/0161-1461.2904.216]
25. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon PL, Healy S. Auditory specialization in deaf children: Aural and cognitive interactions. Am Ann Deaf. 1994;1 39(2):80-5. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0049]
26. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon PL. Conservation and metaphor acquisition in hearing-impaired children. Some relationships with communication mode, hearing acuity, schooling, and age. Am Ann Deaf. 1991; 136(4):313-20. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0495]
27. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon P, Leitner J, Baechle CL. Metaphor and conservation in hearing-impaired children: Cued speech, manually-coded English and oral-aural comparisons. J Child Commun Disorder. 1988; 11(2):253-62. [DOI:10.1177/152574018801100203]
28. Rittenhouse RK, Stearns K. Figurative language and reading comprehension in American deaf and hard-of-hearing children: textual interactions. Br J Disord Commun. 1990; 25(3):369-74. [DOI:10.3109/13682829009011984]
29. Rittenhouse RK, Kenyon PL. Teaching idiomatic expressions. A comparison of two instructional methods. Am Ann Deaf. 1990; 135(4):322-6. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0530]
30. Orlando AM, Shulman BB. Severe-to-profound hearing-impaired children's comprehension of figurative language. J Child Commun Disorder. 1989; 12(2):157-65. [DOI:10.1177/152574018901200205]
31. Everhart VS, Marschark M. Linguistic flexibility in signed and written language productions of deaf children. J Exp Child Psychol. 1988; 46(2):174-93. [DOI:10.1016/0022-0965(88)90056-2]
32. Marschark M, West SA. Creative language abilities of deaf children. J Speech Hear Res. 1985; 28(1):73-8. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2801.73]
33. Marschark M, West SA, Nall L, Everhart V. Development of creative language devices in signed and oral production. J Exp Child Psychol. 1986; 41(3):534-50. [DOI:10.1016/0022-0965(86)90008-1]
34. Rittenhouse RK, Morreau LE, Iran-Nejad A. Metaphor and conservation in deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Am Ann Deaf. 1981 ;126(4):450-3. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.1444]
35. Gu Y, Zheng Y, Swerts M. Does Mandarin spatial metaphor for time influence Chinese deaf signers’ spatio-temporal reasoning?. InProceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2017 (Vol. 39). https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qq1f3rp/qt1qq1f3rp.pdf.
36. Kunisue K, Fukushima K, Kawasaki A, Maeda Y, Nagayasu R, Kataoka Y, et al. Comprehension of abstract words among hearing impaired children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 71(11):1671-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.06.015]
37. Giang DL C Inho Ch. Sciences B. Comprehension of figurative language by hearing impaired children in special primary schools. Procedia Soci BehavSci 2015;191:506-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.448]
38. González-Cuenca A, Linero MJ. Lies and Irony Understanding in Deaf and Hearing Adolescents. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2020; 25(4):517-29. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enaa014]
39. Bahrami H, Faramarzi S, Amouzadeh MJA, Research V. A comparative study of metaphorical expression understanding between children with cochlear implants and normal children. Aud Vestib Res. 2018; 131-6. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v27i3.54]
40. Soltani V, Nilipour R, Purmohammad M, Hasani-Abharian P. Comprehension problems of embodied metaphors in 5 to 7 year-old hearing impaired Persian speaking children. Func Disabil J. 2019; 2(1):111-8. [DOI:10.34171/fdj.2.15]
41. Kawar K, Walters J, Fichman S.Evaluation devices in the narratives of deaf/hard of hearing and hearing Arabic‐speaking adolescents. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2024; 59(1):180-194. [DOI:10.1111/1460-6984.12938]
42. Hilviu D, Parola A, Vivaldo S, Di Lisi D, Consolino P, Bosco FM. Children with hearing impairment and early cochlear implant: A pragmatic assessment. Heliyon. 2021; 7(7):e07428. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07428]
43. Iran-Nejad A, Ortony A, Rittenhouse RK. The comprehension of metaphorical uses of English by deaf children. J Speech Hear Res. 1981; 24(4):551-6. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2404.551]
44. Moeller MP. Current state of knowledge: Psychosocial development in children with hearing impairment. Ear Hear. 2007; 28(6):729-39. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0b013e318157f033]
45. Podury A, Jiam NT, Kim M, Donnenfield JI, Dhand A. Hearing and sociality: The implications of hearing loss on social life. Front Neurosci. 2023; 17:1245434. [DOI:10.3389/fnins.2023.1245434]
46. Hasanati F, Agharasouli Z, Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari B, Kamali M. [Sentence repetition test for measurement of grammatical development in Farsi speaking children]. Audiol. 2011; 20(1):73-81. Persian
47. McGurk H, MacDonald J. Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature. 1976; 264(5588):746-8. [DOI:10.1038/264746a0]
48. Summers V, Makashay MJ, Theodoroff SM, Leek MR. Suprathreshold auditory processing and speech perception in noise: Hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 2013; 24(4):274-92. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.24.4.4]
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How to Cite
1.
Nazeri A, Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari B, Fathollahzadeh F, Borna A, Azizi M, Mirzakhany N, Jafari R, Mousavi SZ. Metaphor Skills in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals: A Systematic Review. Aud Vestib Res. 2025;.
