Phonological Processing and Word and Non-Word Reading Ability among Farsi-Speaking Children with Cochlear Implants, Hearing Aids and Normal Hearing
Abstract
Background and Aim: Individuals who suffer Hearing Loss (HL) from inefficient auditory input will experience difficulty in phonological processing and reading. This study aimed to investigate the phonological processing and word and non-word reading abilities of Farsi-speaking children with Cochlear Implants (CIs), Hearing Aids (HAs) and Normal Hearing (NH).
Methods: Sixty-three children with severe to profound HL and NH who were in the first grade participated. Phonological Awareness (PA) and Phonological Working Memory (PWM) tests were used to assess phonological processing. Word and non-word reading abilities were assessed through reading and dyslexia tests reading abilities, phonological processing as well as the correlation between them were compared among three groups.
Results: The PA, PWM and reading abilities of NH children were significantly different from children with HL (p<0.01). Correlations between words and non-words reading ability and some phonological processing tasks were observed in each of the three groups. Phonemic awareness for all three groups and intra-syllabic awareness for children with HA and NH were the most important predictors for word and non-word reading abilities.
Conclusion: Hearing impairment had a critical effect on phonological processing as an important factor in word and non-word reading.
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19. Dillon CM, Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Carter AK. Imitation of nonwords by hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants: segmental analyses. Clin Linguist Phon. 2004;18(1):39-55. [DOI:10.1080/0269920031000151669]
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21. Moradi A, Hosaini M, Kormi Nouri R, Hassani J, Parhoon H. [Reliability and Validity of Reading and Dyslexia Test (NEMA)]. Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2016;18(1):22-34. Persian.
22. Soleymani Z, Mahmoodabadi N, Nouri MM. Language skills and phonological awareness in children with cochlear implants and normal hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;83:16-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.01.013]
23. Farmani H, Sayyahi F, Soleymani Z, Zadeh Labbaf F, Talebi E, Shourvazi Z. Normalization of the Non-word Repetition Test in Farsi-speaking Children. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2018;12(4):217-24. [DOI:10.32598/JMR.V12.N4.217]
24. Shahim S. Correlations for Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for Iranian children. Psychol Rep. 1992;70(1):27-30. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.27]
25. Akoglu H. User's guide to correlation coefficients. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018;18(3):91-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001]
26. Stackhouse J, Wells B. Children’s speech and literacy difficulties: a psycholinguistic framework. London: Whurr; 1997.
27. Furlonger B, Holmes VM, Rickards FW. Phonological Awareness and Reading Proficiency in Adults with Profound Deafness. Read Psychol. 2014;35(4):357-96. [DOI:10.1080/02702711.2012.726944]
28. Badian NA. A validation of the role of preschool phonological and orthographic skills in the prediction of reading. J Learn Disabil. 1998;31(5):472-81. [DOI:10.1177/002221949803100505]
29. James D, Rajput K, Brinton J, Goswami U. Orthographic influences, vocabulary development, and phonological awareness in deaf children who use cochlear implants. Appl Psycholinguist. 2009;30(04):659-84. [DOI:10.1017/S0142716409990063]
30. Nithart C, Demont E, Metz-Lutz MN, Majerus S, Poncelet M, Leybaert J. Early contribution of phonological awareness and later influence of phonological memory throughout reading acquisition. J Res Read. 2011;34(3):346-63. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01427.x]
31. Hansson K, Forsberg J, Löfqvist A, Mäki-Torkko E, Sahlén B. Working memory and novel word learning in children with hearing impairment and children with specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2004;39(3):401-22.
2. von Muenster K, Baker E. Oral communicating children using a cochlear implant: good reading outcomes are linked to better language and phonological processing abilities. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(3):433-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.12.009]
3. Lee Y, Yim D, Sim H. Phonological processing skills and its relevance to receptive vocabulary development in children with early cochlear implantation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(12):1755-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.08.016]
4. Dillon CM, Pisoni DB. Non word Repetition and Reading Skills in Children Who Are Deaf and Have Cochlear Implants. Volta Rev. 2006;106(2):121-45.
5. Spencer LJ, Tomblin JB. Evaluating phonological processing skills in children with prelingual deafness who use cochlear implants. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2009;14(1):1-21. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enn013]
6. Lonigan CJ, Burgess SR, Anthony JL, Barker TA. Development of phonological sensitivity in 2- to 5-year-old children. J Educ Psychol. 1998;90(2):294-311. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0663.90.2.294]
7. Savage R, Lavers N, Pillay V. Working Memory and Reading Difficulties: What We Know and What We Don’t Know About the Relationship. Educ Psychol Rev. 2007;19:185-221. [DOI:10.1007/s10648-006-9024-1]
8. Bajaj A. Working memory involvement in stuttering: exploring the evidence and research implications. J Fluency Disord. 2007;32(3):218-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.03.002]
9. Burkholder-Juhasz RA, Levi SV, Dillon CM, Pisoni DB. Nonword repetition with spectrally reduced speech: some developmental and clinical findings from pediatric cochlear implantation. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2007;12(4):472-85. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enm031]
10. Soleymani Z, Amidfar M, Dadgar H, Jalaie S. Working memory in Farsi-speaking children with normal development and cochlear implant. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(4):674-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.01.035]
11. Hall WC. What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: The Risk of Language Deprivation by Impairing Sign Language Development in Deaf Children. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(5):961-5. [DOI:10.1007/s10995-017-2287-y]
12. Lund E. Vocabulary Knowledge of Children With Cochlear Implants: A Meta-Analysis. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2016;21(2):107-21. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/env060]
13. Duchesne L, Sutton A, Bergeron F. Language achievement in children who received cochlear implants between 1 and 2 years of age: group trends and individual patterns. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2009;14(4):465-85. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enp010]
14. Elbro C, Borstrøm I, Petersen DK. Predicting Dyslexia From Kindergarten: The Importance of Distinctness of Phonological Representations of Lexical Items. Read Res Q. 1998;33(1):36-60. [DOI:10.1598/RRQ.33.1.3]
15. Dillon CM, de Jong K, Pisoni DB. Phonological awareness, reading skills, and vocabulary knowledge in children who use cochlear implants. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2012;17(2):205-26. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enr043]
16. Camarata S, Werfel K, Bess FH. Language Abilities, Phonological Awareness, Reading Skills, and Subjective Fatigue in School-Age Children With Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss. Exceptional Children. 2018;84(4):420-36 [DOI:10.1177/0014402918773316]
17. Edwards L, Anderson S. The association between visual, nonverbal cognitive abilities and speech, phonological processing, vocabulary and reading outcomes in children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear. 2014;35(3):366-74. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000012]
18. von Mentzer CN, Wallfelt S, Engström E, Wass M, Sahlén B, Pfändtner K, et al. Reading Ability and Working Memory in School-Age Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Using Cochlear Implants and/or Hearing Aids: A 3-Year Follow-Up on Computer-Based Phonics Training. Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Groups. 2020;5(6):1388-99. [DOI:10.1044/2020_PERSP-20-00027]
19. Dillon CM, Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Carter AK. Imitation of nonwords by hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants: segmental analyses. Clin Linguist Phon. 2004;18(1):39-55. [DOI:10.1080/0269920031000151669]
20. Hansson K, Ibertsson T, Asker-Árnason L, Sahlén B. Phonological processing, grammar and sentence comprehension in older and younger generations of Swedish children with cochlear implants. Autism Dev Lang Impair. 2017;2. [DOI:10.1177/2396941517692809]
21. Moradi A, Hosaini M, Kormi Nouri R, Hassani J, Parhoon H. [Reliability and Validity of Reading and Dyslexia Test (NEMA)]. Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2016;18(1):22-34. Persian.
22. Soleymani Z, Mahmoodabadi N, Nouri MM. Language skills and phonological awareness in children with cochlear implants and normal hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;83:16-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.01.013]
23. Farmani H, Sayyahi F, Soleymani Z, Zadeh Labbaf F, Talebi E, Shourvazi Z. Normalization of the Non-word Repetition Test in Farsi-speaking Children. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2018;12(4):217-24. [DOI:10.32598/JMR.V12.N4.217]
24. Shahim S. Correlations for Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for Iranian children. Psychol Rep. 1992;70(1):27-30. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.27]
25. Akoglu H. User's guide to correlation coefficients. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018;18(3):91-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001]
26. Stackhouse J, Wells B. Children’s speech and literacy difficulties: a psycholinguistic framework. London: Whurr; 1997.
27. Furlonger B, Holmes VM, Rickards FW. Phonological Awareness and Reading Proficiency in Adults with Profound Deafness. Read Psychol. 2014;35(4):357-96. [DOI:10.1080/02702711.2012.726944]
28. Badian NA. A validation of the role of preschool phonological and orthographic skills in the prediction of reading. J Learn Disabil. 1998;31(5):472-81. [DOI:10.1177/002221949803100505]
29. James D, Rajput K, Brinton J, Goswami U. Orthographic influences, vocabulary development, and phonological awareness in deaf children who use cochlear implants. Appl Psycholinguist. 2009;30(04):659-84. [DOI:10.1017/S0142716409990063]
30. Nithart C, Demont E, Metz-Lutz MN, Majerus S, Poncelet M, Leybaert J. Early contribution of phonological awareness and later influence of phonological memory throughout reading acquisition. J Res Read. 2011;34(3):346-63. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01427.x]
31. Hansson K, Forsberg J, Löfqvist A, Mäki-Torkko E, Sahlén B. Working memory and novel word learning in children with hearing impairment and children with specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2004;39(3):401-22.
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How to Cite
1.
Masoumi E, Haghjoo A, Soleymani Z. Phonological Processing and Word and Non-Word Reading Ability among Farsi-Speaking Children with Cochlear Implants, Hearing Aids and Normal Hearing. Aud Vestib Res. 2024;.
