Frequency of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 and Cytomegalovirus in Perilymph and Peripheral Blood Samples of Cochlear-Implanted Children Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Method
-
Farhad Farahani
,
Majid Vafaei Rad
,
Homa Naderifar
,
Elnaz Shariatpanahi
,
Roya Najafi-Vosough
,
Farid Azizi Jalilian
Abstract
Background and Aim: Inner ear infection with some viruses may be one of the possible causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL). This study aims to determine the frequency of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in perilymph and peripheral blood samples of cochlear-implanted children.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 children with severe-to-profound SNHL (aged 1.1–5 years) underwent cochlear implantation surgery. During surgery, their perilymph and peripheral blood samples were collected. The samples were analyzed separately for the presence of herpes HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The load of IgG and IgM antibodies against these viruses was determined using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method.
Results: The frequency of CMV in perilymph samples was 16.7% (5 patients) and in peripheral blood samples was 3.3% (1 patient). The IgG antibody against CMV and HSV-1 was positive in 80% and 46.7% of the patients, respectively. The IgM antibody against CMV was positive in 10%. The mean IgM serum antibody load against HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV was 2.70, 1.70, and 5.47, respectively, and the mean IgG antibody load against these viruses was 56.07, 2.50, and 23.67, respectively.
Conclusion: The IgG test is positive in cochlear-implanted children with CMV in their perilymph samples, and the CMV genome is not present in their peripheral blood. This may indicate the previous presence of this virus in the ear and its role in hearing loss.
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15. Zamani P, Soleymani Z, Rashedi V, Farahani F, Lotf G, Rezaei M. Spoken and Written Narrative in Persian-Speaking Students Who Received Cochlear Implant and/or Hearing Aid. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;11(4):250-8. [DOI:10.21053/ceo.2017.01011]
16. Gohari N, Emami SF, Mirbagheri SS, Valizadeh A, Abdollahi N, Borzuei M. The Prevalence and Causes of Auditory Neuropathy/Dys-synchrony (AN/AD) in Children with Hearing Impairment. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(1):71-5. [DOI:10.1007/s12070-018-1494-1]
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19. Vancíková Z, Dvorák P. Cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals—a review. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2001;1(2):179-87. [DOI:10.2174/1568005310101020179]
20. Dupont L, Reeves MB. Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: recent insights into an age old problem. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(2):75-89. [DOI:10.1002/rmv.1862]
21. Schuknecht HF, Suzuka Y, Zimmermann C. Delayed endolymphatic hydrops and its relationship to Meniére’s disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99(11):843-53. [DOI:10.1177/000348949009901101]
22. McKenna MJ, Kristiansen AG, Haines J. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a measles virus sequence from human temporal bone sections with active otosclerosis. Am J Otol. 1996;17(6):827-30.
23. Kamei T. Delayed endolymphatic hydrops as a clinical entity. Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(2):137-43.
24. Lobo D, Tuñón M, Villarreal I, Brea B, García-Berrocal JR. Intratympanic gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging supports the role of endolymphatic hydrops in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inner-ear disease. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(6):554-9. [DOI:10.1017/S0022215118000749]
25. Dean NJ, Pastras C, Brown D, Camp A. Are viral-infections associated with Ménière’s Disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of molecular-markers of viral-infection in case-controlled observational studies of MD. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11): e0225650. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0225650]
26. Sugiura S, Yoshikawa T, Nishiyama Y, Morishita Y, Sato E, Beppu R, et al. Detection of herpesvirus DNAs in perilymph obtained from patients with sensorineural hearing loss by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(12):2235-8. [DOI:10.1097/01.mlg.0000149466.80703.55]
27. Martinez-Gomez E, Perez-Carpena P, Flook M, Lopez-Escamez JA. A Systematic Review on the Association of Acquired Human Cytomegalovirus Infection with Hearing Loss. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):4011. [DOI:10.3390/jcm9124011]
28. Noorbakhsh S, Farhadi M, Daneshi A, Mohamadi S, Tabatabaei A. Viral infections detected by serology and PCR of perilymphatic fluid in children with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;17(11):867-70.
29. de Vries JJ, Vesseur A, Rotteveel LJ, Korver AM, Rusman LG, Wessels E, et al. Cytomegalovirus DNA detection in dried blood spots and perilymphatic fluids from pediatric and adult cochlear implant recipients with prelingual deafness. J Clin Virol. 2013;56(2):113-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.10.008]
30. Noorbakhsh S, Farhadi M, Haghighi F, Minaeian S, Hasanabad MH. Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Tehran, Iran, using Guthrie cards. Iran J Microbiol. 2020;12(3):198-203. [DOI:10.18502/ijm.v12i3.3236]
31. Kashani A, Shariatpanahi E, Ayubi E, Emami SF. The Best Users of Cochlear Implants.Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023. [DOI:10.1007/s12070-023-04073-w]
2. Prosser JD, Holmes TW, Seyyedi M, Choo DI. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) for the pediatric otolaryngologist. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;148:110809. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110809]
3. Smiechura M, Strużycka M, Konopka W. Congenital and acquired cytomegalovirus infection and hearing evaluation in children. Otolaryngol Pol. 2014;68(6):303-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.otpol.2014.04.003]
4. Fowler KB, Boppana SB. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and hearing deficit. J Clin Virol. 2006;35(2):226-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.016]
5. Karimi-Boroujeni M, Zahedi-Amiri A, Coombs KM. Embryonic Origins of Virus-Induced Hearing Loss: Overview of Molecular Etiology. Viruses. 2021;13(1):71. [DOI:10.3390/v13010071]
6. Shi X, Liu X, Sun Y. The Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses Associated with Hearing Loss: Recent Updates. Viruses. 2023;15(6):1385. [DOI:10.3390/v15061385]
7. Harris S, Ahlfors K, Ivarsson S, Lernmark B, Svanberg L. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear. 1984;5(6):352-5. [DOI:10.1097/00003446-198411000-00006]
8. Rezaei A, Sariri R. Periodontal Status, Salivary Enzymes and Flow Rate in Passive Smokers. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;3:462-76.
9. Eisen MD, Ryugo DK. Hearing molecules: contributions from genetic deafness. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007;64(5):566-80. [DOI:10.1007/s00018-007-6417-3]
10. Cohen BE, Durstenfeld A, Roehm PC. Viral causes of hearing loss: a review for hearing health professionals. Trends Hear. 2014;18:2331216514541361. [DOI:10.1177/2331216514541361]
11. Di Nardo W, Anzivino R, Cattani P, Santangelo R, De Corso E, Paludetti G. Herpes simplex virus-1 and cytomegalovirus DNAs detection in the inner ear of implanted patients with non-congenital infection. Acta Otolaryngol. 2017;137(8):791-6. [DOI:10.1080/00016489.2017.1293292]
12. Chebib E, Vauloup-Fellous C, Benoit C, Noël Petroff N, Van Den Abbeele T, Maudoux A, et al. Is CMV PCR of inner ear fluid during cochlear implantation a way to diagnose CMVrelated hearing loss? Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(1):375-83. [DOI:10.1007/s00431-022-04691-6]
13. Tayyar R, Ho D. Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus Infections in Cancer Patients. Viruses. 2023;15(2):439. [DOI:10.3390/v15020439]
14. Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P. Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: current concepts of prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Part 1: herpes simplex virus infections. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2007;196(2):89-94. [DOI:10.1007/s00430-006-0031-0]
15. Zamani P, Soleymani Z, Rashedi V, Farahani F, Lotf G, Rezaei M. Spoken and Written Narrative in Persian-Speaking Students Who Received Cochlear Implant and/or Hearing Aid. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;11(4):250-8. [DOI:10.21053/ceo.2017.01011]
16. Gohari N, Emami SF, Mirbagheri SS, Valizadeh A, Abdollahi N, Borzuei M. The Prevalence and Causes of Auditory Neuropathy/Dys-synchrony (AN/AD) in Children with Hearing Impairment. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(1):71-5. [DOI:10.1007/s12070-018-1494-1]
17. Xia W, Yan H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Gao W, Lv C, et al. Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Inducing Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:649690. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2021.649690]
18. Sugiura S, Yoshikawa T, Nishiyama Y, Morishita Y, Sato E, Hattori T, et al. Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in perilymph of patients with sensorineural hearing loss using real-time PCR. J Med Virol. 2003;69(1):72-5. [DOI:10.1002/jmv.10263]
19. Vancíková Z, Dvorák P. Cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals—a review. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2001;1(2):179-87. [DOI:10.2174/1568005310101020179]
20. Dupont L, Reeves MB. Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: recent insights into an age old problem. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(2):75-89. [DOI:10.1002/rmv.1862]
21. Schuknecht HF, Suzuka Y, Zimmermann C. Delayed endolymphatic hydrops and its relationship to Meniére’s disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99(11):843-53. [DOI:10.1177/000348949009901101]
22. McKenna MJ, Kristiansen AG, Haines J. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a measles virus sequence from human temporal bone sections with active otosclerosis. Am J Otol. 1996;17(6):827-30.
23. Kamei T. Delayed endolymphatic hydrops as a clinical entity. Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(2):137-43.
24. Lobo D, Tuñón M, Villarreal I, Brea B, García-Berrocal JR. Intratympanic gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging supports the role of endolymphatic hydrops in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inner-ear disease. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(6):554-9. [DOI:10.1017/S0022215118000749]
25. Dean NJ, Pastras C, Brown D, Camp A. Are viral-infections associated with Ménière’s Disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of molecular-markers of viral-infection in case-controlled observational studies of MD. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11): e0225650. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0225650]
26. Sugiura S, Yoshikawa T, Nishiyama Y, Morishita Y, Sato E, Beppu R, et al. Detection of herpesvirus DNAs in perilymph obtained from patients with sensorineural hearing loss by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(12):2235-8. [DOI:10.1097/01.mlg.0000149466.80703.55]
27. Martinez-Gomez E, Perez-Carpena P, Flook M, Lopez-Escamez JA. A Systematic Review on the Association of Acquired Human Cytomegalovirus Infection with Hearing Loss. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):4011. [DOI:10.3390/jcm9124011]
28. Noorbakhsh S, Farhadi M, Daneshi A, Mohamadi S, Tabatabaei A. Viral infections detected by serology and PCR of perilymphatic fluid in children with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;17(11):867-70.
29. de Vries JJ, Vesseur A, Rotteveel LJ, Korver AM, Rusman LG, Wessels E, et al. Cytomegalovirus DNA detection in dried blood spots and perilymphatic fluids from pediatric and adult cochlear implant recipients with prelingual deafness. J Clin Virol. 2013;56(2):113-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.10.008]
30. Noorbakhsh S, Farhadi M, Haghighi F, Minaeian S, Hasanabad MH. Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Tehran, Iran, using Guthrie cards. Iran J Microbiol. 2020;12(3):198-203. [DOI:10.18502/ijm.v12i3.3236]
31. Kashani A, Shariatpanahi E, Ayubi E, Emami SF. The Best Users of Cochlear Implants.Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023. [DOI:10.1007/s12070-023-04073-w]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 33 No 3 (2024) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v33i3.15500 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sensorineural hearing loss perilymph fluid cytomegalovirus herpes simplex | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Farahani F, Vafaei Rad M, Naderifar H, Shariatpanahi E, Najafi-Vosough R, Azizi Jalilian F. Frequency of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 and Cytomegalovirus in Perilymph and Peripheral Blood Samples of Cochlear-Implanted Children Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Method. Aud Vestib Res. 2024;33(3):194-201.
