Effect of Binaural Beat Stimulation on Auditory and Visual Sustained Attentions in Young People with Normal Hearing
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Numerous studies have investigated the effect of binaural beat stimulation on visual attention. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of binaural beats on both auditory and visual sustained attention of young people with normal hearing.
Methods: Thirty normal-hearing people with mean age of 27.77±6.85 years were divided into two groups of Sham-Binaural beat (SB, n=15) and Binaural beat-Sham (BS, n=15). The participants in each group performed the Integrated Visual and Auditory-2 Continuous Performance Test (IVA-2 CPT) twice on different days. The SB group performed the IVA-2 CPT first under sham condition and then in the presence of binaural beats. In the BS group, the order was reversed in terms of stimuli presentation. The binaural beat stimulus was an audio file that induced beats at a frequency of 16 Hz by presenting 400 and 416 Hz stimuli to the right and left ears, respectively. The sham stimulus was a pure tone of 400 HZ. A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means.
Results: The results showed the significant effect of binaural beat stimulation on auditory sustained attention (p<0.001). However, its effect on visual sustained attention was not significant (p=0.061).
Conclusion: Stimulation with binaural beats of 16 Hz may improve the auditory sustained attention in young people with normal hearing. It cannot improve their visual sustained attention.
[1] Esterman M, Noonan SK, Rosenberg M, Degutis J. In the zone or zoning out? Tracking behavioral and neural fluctuations during sustained attention. Cereb Cortex. 2013;23(11):2712-23. [DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhs261]
[2] Ko LW, Komarov O, Hairston WD, Jung TP, Lin CT. Sustained Attention in Real Classroom Settings: An EEG Study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:388. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00388]
[3] Clayton MS, Yeung N, Cohen Kadosh R. The roles of cortical oscillations in sustained attention. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(4):188-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.004]
[4] Terashima H, Kihara K, Kawahara JI, Kondo HM. Common principles underlie the fluctuation of auditory and visual sustained attention. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2021;74(4):705-15. [DOI:10.1177/1747021820972255]
[5] Martens S, Johnson A, Bolle M, Borst J. A quick visual mind can be a slow auditory mind. Individual differences in attentional selection across modalities. Exp Psychol. 2009;56(1):33-40. [DOI:10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.33]
[6] Jangwan NS, Ashraf GM, Ram V, Singh V, Alghamdi BS, Abuzenadah AM, et al. Brain augmentation and neuroscience technologies: current applications, challenges, ethics and future prospects. Front Syst Neurosci. 2022;16:1000495. [DOI:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495]
[7] Chaieb L, Wilpert EC, Reber TP, Fell J. Auditory beat stimulation and its effects on cognition and mood States. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:70. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070]
[8] Oster G. Auditory beats in the brain. Sci Am. 1973;229(4):94-102. [DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1073-94]
[9] Wernick JS, Starr A. Binaural interaction in the superior olivary complex of the cat: an analysis of field potentials evoked by binaural-beat stimuli. J Neurophysiol. 1968;31(3):428-41. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1968.31.3.428]
[10] Kuwada S, Yin TC, Wickesberg RE. Response of cat inferior colliculus neurons to binaural beat stimuli: possible mechanisms for sound localization. Science. 1979;206(4418):586-8.
[11] Brady B, Stevens L. Binaural-beat induced theta EEG activity and hypnotic susceptibility. Am J Clin Hypn. 2000;43(1):53-69. [DOI:10.1080/00029157.2000.10404255]
[12] Schwarz DW, Taylor P. Human auditory steady state responses to binaural and monaural beats. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(3):658-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.014]
[13] Vernon D, Peryer G, Louch J, Shaw M. Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;93(1):134-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.008]
[14] Engelbregt H, Barmentlo M, Keeser D, Pogarell O, Deijen JB. Effects of binaural and monaural beat stimulation on attention and EEG. Exp Brain Res. 2021;239(9):2781-91. [DOI:10.1007/s00221-021-06155-z]
[15] Gao X, Cao H, Ming D, Qi H, Wang X, Wang X, et al. Analysis of EEG activity in response to binaural beats with different frequencies. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;94(3):399-406. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.010]
[16] McConnell PA, Froeliger B, Garland EL, Ives JC, Sforzo GA. Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1248. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01248]
[17] Wahbeh H, Calabrese C, Zwickey H. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(1):25-32. [DOI:10.1089/acm.2006.6196]
[18] Beauchene C, Abaid N, Moran R, Diana RA, Leonessa A. The Effect of Binaural Beats on Visuospatial Working Memory and Cortical Connectivity. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166630. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0166630]
[19] Beauchene C, Abaid N, Moran R, Diana RA, Leonessa A. The effect of binaural beats on verbal working memory and cortical connectivity. J Neural Eng. 2017;14(2):026014. [DOI:10.1088/1741-2552/aa5d67]
[20] Kraus J, Porubanová M. The effect of binaural beats on working memory capacity. Stud Psychol (Bratisl). 2015;57(2): 135-45. [DOI:10.21909/sp.2015.02.689]
[21] Sadeghijam M, Moossavi A, Akbari M, Haghani H, Yousefi A, Mohsen S. An increase in the auditory steady-state response amplitudes after a period of listening to binaural beat stimuli in tinnitus patients: a pilot study. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2023;39:39. [DOI:10.1186/s43163-023-00402-6]
[22] Solcà M, Mottaz A, Guggisberg AG. Binaural beats increase interhemispheric alpha-band coherence between auditory cortices. Hear Res. 2016;332:233-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.011]
[23] Wahbeh H, Calabrese C, Zwickey H, Zajdel D. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(2):199-206. [DOI:10.1089/acm.2006.6201]
[24] Lane JD, Kasian SJ, Owens JE, Marsh GR. Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. Physiol Behav. 1998;63(2):249-52. [DOI:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00436-8]
[25] Kennel S, Taylor AG, Lyon D, Bourguignon C. Pilot feasibility study of binaural auditory beats for reducing symptoms of inattention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Nurs. 2010;25(1):3-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.pedn.2008.06.010]
[26] Reedijk SA, Bolders A, Colzato LS, Hommel B. Eliminating the Attentional Blink through Binaural Beats: A Case for Tailored Cognitive Enhancement. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:82. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00082]
[27] Robison MK, Obulasetty M, Blais C, Wingert KM, Brewer GA. The effect of binaural beat stimulation on sustained attention. Psychol Res. 2022;86(3):808-22. [DOI:10.1007/s00426-021-01524-3]
[28] Licklider JCR, Webster JC, Hedlun JM. On the Frequency Limits of Binaural Beats. J Acoust Soc Am. 1950;22(4):468-73. [DOI:10.1121/1.1906629]
[29] Pratt H, Starr A, Michalewski HJ, Dimitrijevic A, Bleich N, Mittelman N. A comparison of auditory evoked potentials to acoustic beats and to binaural beats. Hear Res. 2010;262(1-2):34-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.heares.2010.01.013]
[30] Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys. 1974;16(1):143-9. [DOI:10.3758/BF03203267]
[31] Kahneman D. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1973.
[32] Ersin K, Gundogdu O, Kaya SN, Aykiri D, Serbetcioglu MB. Investigation of the effects of auditory and visual stimuli on attention. Heliyon. 2021;7(7):e07567. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07567]
[2] Ko LW, Komarov O, Hairston WD, Jung TP, Lin CT. Sustained Attention in Real Classroom Settings: An EEG Study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:388. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00388]
[3] Clayton MS, Yeung N, Cohen Kadosh R. The roles of cortical oscillations in sustained attention. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(4):188-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.004]
[4] Terashima H, Kihara K, Kawahara JI, Kondo HM. Common principles underlie the fluctuation of auditory and visual sustained attention. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2021;74(4):705-15. [DOI:10.1177/1747021820972255]
[5] Martens S, Johnson A, Bolle M, Borst J. A quick visual mind can be a slow auditory mind. Individual differences in attentional selection across modalities. Exp Psychol. 2009;56(1):33-40. [DOI:10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.33]
[6] Jangwan NS, Ashraf GM, Ram V, Singh V, Alghamdi BS, Abuzenadah AM, et al. Brain augmentation and neuroscience technologies: current applications, challenges, ethics and future prospects. Front Syst Neurosci. 2022;16:1000495. [DOI:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495]
[7] Chaieb L, Wilpert EC, Reber TP, Fell J. Auditory beat stimulation and its effects on cognition and mood States. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:70. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070]
[8] Oster G. Auditory beats in the brain. Sci Am. 1973;229(4):94-102. [DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1073-94]
[9] Wernick JS, Starr A. Binaural interaction in the superior olivary complex of the cat: an analysis of field potentials evoked by binaural-beat stimuli. J Neurophysiol. 1968;31(3):428-41. [DOI:10.1152/jn.1968.31.3.428]
[10] Kuwada S, Yin TC, Wickesberg RE. Response of cat inferior colliculus neurons to binaural beat stimuli: possible mechanisms for sound localization. Science. 1979;206(4418):586-8.
[11] Brady B, Stevens L. Binaural-beat induced theta EEG activity and hypnotic susceptibility. Am J Clin Hypn. 2000;43(1):53-69. [DOI:10.1080/00029157.2000.10404255]
[12] Schwarz DW, Taylor P. Human auditory steady state responses to binaural and monaural beats. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(3):658-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.014]
[13] Vernon D, Peryer G, Louch J, Shaw M. Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;93(1):134-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.008]
[14] Engelbregt H, Barmentlo M, Keeser D, Pogarell O, Deijen JB. Effects of binaural and monaural beat stimulation on attention and EEG. Exp Brain Res. 2021;239(9):2781-91. [DOI:10.1007/s00221-021-06155-z]
[15] Gao X, Cao H, Ming D, Qi H, Wang X, Wang X, et al. Analysis of EEG activity in response to binaural beats with different frequencies. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;94(3):399-406. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.010]
[16] McConnell PA, Froeliger B, Garland EL, Ives JC, Sforzo GA. Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1248. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01248]
[17] Wahbeh H, Calabrese C, Zwickey H. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(1):25-32. [DOI:10.1089/acm.2006.6196]
[18] Beauchene C, Abaid N, Moran R, Diana RA, Leonessa A. The Effect of Binaural Beats on Visuospatial Working Memory and Cortical Connectivity. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166630. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0166630]
[19] Beauchene C, Abaid N, Moran R, Diana RA, Leonessa A. The effect of binaural beats on verbal working memory and cortical connectivity. J Neural Eng. 2017;14(2):026014. [DOI:10.1088/1741-2552/aa5d67]
[20] Kraus J, Porubanová M. The effect of binaural beats on working memory capacity. Stud Psychol (Bratisl). 2015;57(2): 135-45. [DOI:10.21909/sp.2015.02.689]
[21] Sadeghijam M, Moossavi A, Akbari M, Haghani H, Yousefi A, Mohsen S. An increase in the auditory steady-state response amplitudes after a period of listening to binaural beat stimuli in tinnitus patients: a pilot study. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2023;39:39. [DOI:10.1186/s43163-023-00402-6]
[22] Solcà M, Mottaz A, Guggisberg AG. Binaural beats increase interhemispheric alpha-band coherence between auditory cortices. Hear Res. 2016;332:233-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.011]
[23] Wahbeh H, Calabrese C, Zwickey H, Zajdel D. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(2):199-206. [DOI:10.1089/acm.2006.6201]
[24] Lane JD, Kasian SJ, Owens JE, Marsh GR. Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. Physiol Behav. 1998;63(2):249-52. [DOI:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00436-8]
[25] Kennel S, Taylor AG, Lyon D, Bourguignon C. Pilot feasibility study of binaural auditory beats for reducing symptoms of inattention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Nurs. 2010;25(1):3-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.pedn.2008.06.010]
[26] Reedijk SA, Bolders A, Colzato LS, Hommel B. Eliminating the Attentional Blink through Binaural Beats: A Case for Tailored Cognitive Enhancement. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:82. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00082]
[27] Robison MK, Obulasetty M, Blais C, Wingert KM, Brewer GA. The effect of binaural beat stimulation on sustained attention. Psychol Res. 2022;86(3):808-22. [DOI:10.1007/s00426-021-01524-3]
[28] Licklider JCR, Webster JC, Hedlun JM. On the Frequency Limits of Binaural Beats. J Acoust Soc Am. 1950;22(4):468-73. [DOI:10.1121/1.1906629]
[29] Pratt H, Starr A, Michalewski HJ, Dimitrijevic A, Bleich N, Mittelman N. A comparison of auditory evoked potentials to acoustic beats and to binaural beats. Hear Res. 2010;262(1-2):34-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.heares.2010.01.013]
[30] Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys. 1974;16(1):143-9. [DOI:10.3758/BF03203267]
[31] Kahneman D. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1973.
[32] Ersin K, Gundogdu O, Kaya SN, Aykiri D, Serbetcioglu MB. Investigation of the effects of auditory and visual stimuli on attention. Heliyon. 2021;7(7):e07567. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07567]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 32 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i4.13595 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Binaural beat stimulation visual auditory sustained attention | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khorsand Sabet V, Mohammadkhani G, Rouhbakhsh N, Tavanai E. Effect of Binaural Beat Stimulation on Auditory and Visual Sustained Attentions in Young People with Normal Hearing. Aud Vestib Res. 2023;32(4):314-321.
