Tinnitus in Traditional Persian Medicine: A Historical Perspective
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Tinnitus is a common disorder of the auditory system with a rich history dating back to ancient times. This review aims to provide a historical perspective on tinnitus in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) by summarizing the views of TPM scholars on its etiology and treatment.
Methods: A qualitative research (summative content analysis) was conducted, utilizing TPM texts to identify the historical perspectives of TPM scholars on tinnitus. The analysis focused on their understanding of tinnitus, its causes, and recommended treatments.
Results: In TPM, tinnitus was referred to as Tanin and Davi. The accumulation of phlegm and internal gases in the head or ears was considered as the main cause of tinnitus, with sudden movement or ripple of these vapors leading to auditory nerve stimulation and resulting in tinnitus. TPM scholars recommended addressing the sources of these vapors, such as gastrointestinal issues, and promoting humeral balance through temperament modification and the use of medicinal herbs for treatment.
Conclusion: The TPM view on tinnitus was similar to the Greco-Roman understanding of the disease, with Persian scholars expanding on its details. TPM scholars believed in addressing the underlying causes of tinnitus and promoting humeral balance to alleviate symptoms. These historical perspectives provide insight into traditional medical systems and their approaches to the management of health conditions.
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[28] Azam Khan M. [Exir Azam]. Tehran: Institute of Meical History, Islamic Medicine and Complementary Medicine; 2008. Persian.
[29] Alok S, Raveendran J, Shaheen M. Conflict Management Strategies Used by Indian Software Companies: A Summative Content Analysis. IUP Journal of Soft Skills. 2014;8(4):47.
[30] Elo S, Kyngäs H. The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs. 2008;62(1):107-15. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x]
[31] Dietrich S. Earliest historic reference of ’tinnitus’ is controversial. J Laryngol Otol. 2004;118(7):487-8. [DOI:10.1258/0022215041615182]
[32] Zhang Y, Xie H, He ZM, Zhang F, Li LL, Wang N, et al. Medical Therapy of Hearing Impairment and Tinnitus with Chinese Medicine: An Overview. Chin J Integr Med. 2022. [DOI:10.1007/s11655-022-3678-5]
[33] Sahu SK, Ghuse RD, Sinha AK, Pandey SK. Role of Ayurveda in Managing Tinnitus. Int J Ayurveda Pharm. Res. 2021:9(6):75-80. [DOI:10.47070/ijapr.v9i6.1930]
[34] Shaikh AG. A journey of tinnitus: myths, models, membranes and medicines. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(8):765-7. [DOI:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302823]
[35] Maltby MT. Ancient voices on tinnitus: the pathology and treatment of tinnitus in Celsus and the Hippocratic Corpus compared and contrasted. Int Tinnitus J. 2012;17(2):140-5. [DOI:10.5935/0946-5448.20120025]
[36] Aminian A, Zaboli E, Yousefi S. Tinnitus, a well-known medical issue in medieval Persia. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2021;8(2):134.
[37] Yousefi SS, Jokar A, Sadeghpour O. [Endogenous Gases or Wind as Important Etiology of Diseases in Persian Medicine]. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2020;30(187):127-42. Persian.
[38] Talafi Noghani M, Namdar H. [Review of Sodae (Headache) in Persian Medicine]. Med Hist J. 2018;10(35):33-48. Persian.
[39] Liu YQ, Chen ZJ, Li G, Lai D, Liu P, Zheng Y. Effects of Educational Counseling as Solitary Therapy for Chronic Primary Tinnitus and Related Problems. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:6032525. [DOI:10.1155/2018/6032525]
[40] Ammann R. Sandplay: traces in the sand - traces in the brain. J Anal Psychol. 2022;67(4):962-78. [DOI:10.1111/1468-5922.12840]
[41] Khan A. [Eksir-e-Azam (The great elixir)]. Institute of medicine historical studies, Islamic and complementary medicine, Tehran, Iran. 2007. Persian.
[42] Aghili Khorasani M. [Moalejat e Aghili (Treatment Aghili)]. Tehran: Institute of medicine historical studies, Islamic and complementary medicine. 1998. Persian.
[43] Siahpoosh MB. Six Essential Principles of Iranian Traditional Medicine for Maintaining Health From the Quran’s Point of View. Quran Med. 2012;1(4):101-7.
[44] Arabi M, Jokar A. [Causes of Tinnitus and Prudence to Maintain Ear Health from the Perspective of Iranian Medicine]. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2021;31(200):125-37. Persian.
[45] Ibn-e-Sina A. Al-qanun fit-tib [The canon of medicine]. Beirut, Lebanon: Alaalami Beirut lib Press; 2005.
[46] Mahmoudian-sani MR, Hashemi Sheikhshabani S, Mirfakhar FS, Asgharzade S. A review on medicinal plants used for treating ototoxicity and acoustic trauma induced hearing loss. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2019;55. [DOI:10.1590/s2175-97902019000218311]
[47] Celik M, Koyuncu I. A comprehensive study of oxidative stress in tinnitus patients. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;70(4):521-6. [DOI:10.1007/s12070-018-1464-7]
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 32 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i4.13592 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Tinnitus traditional Persian medicine Tanin Davi history of medicine | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Arabi M, Amirian T, Jokar A, Heydari M. Tinnitus in Traditional Persian Medicine: A Historical Perspective. Aud Vestib Res. 2023;32(4):284-294.
