Effect of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness of Music on the Acceptable Noise Level
-
Raha Nekoutabar
,
Hamid Jalilvand
,
Hasan Ashayeri
,
Mohammad Ebrahim Mahdavi
,
Seyed Mahdi Tabatabaee
Abstract
Background and Aim: Music can be a favorite, annoying, or even a distracting noise. It is known that the processing of brain hemispheres is affected by the pleasantness/unpleasantness of music, which could be utilized as a signal or noise in auditory neuroscience. By using the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) test, which is the quantification of noise tolerance while listening to a running speech, we investigated whether the pleasantness/unpleasantness of music affects the ANL results under monotic-listening and dichotic-listening conditions.
Methods: Based on the subjective scale scores, pleasant and unpleasant music (10 songs) were selected as alternatives to babble noise or running speech for testing 50 subjects for seven monotic and dichotic listening conditions.
Results: While pleasant music changed the ANL significantly under monotic listening conditions, the higher level of babble noise was tolerated, and both characteristics of music pleasantness and unpleasantness changed ANL significantly for various dichotic conditions. The range of the ANL for dichotic conditions is wider than that for monotic conditions.
Conclusion: Music can affect the ANL in terms of pleasantness and unpleasantness for both monotic and dichotic listening conditions, with a greater effect on dichotic conditions, indicating the role of hemispheric specification in emotional music processing.
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[28] Hoch L, Tillmann B. Laterality effects for musical structure processing: a dichotic listening study. Neuropsychology. 2010;24(5):661-6. [DOI:10.1037/a0019653]
[29] Hugdahl K, Brønnick K, Kyllingsbaek S, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB. Brain activation during dichotic presentations of consonant-vowel and musical instrument stimuli: a 15O-PET study. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37(4):431-40. [DOI:10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00101-8]
[30] Ahmadi A, Fatahi J, Keshani A, Jalilvand H, Modarresi Y, Jalaie S. [Developing and evaluating the reliability of acceptable noise level test in Persian language]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015;4(2):109-17. Persian
[31] American National Standards Institute. Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test rooms (Rev.Ed.; ANSI S3.1.1999). New York, NY: Auther; 2008.
[32] Putkinen V, Makkonen T, Eerola T. Music-induced positive mood broadens the scope of auditory attention. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017;12(7):1159-68. [DOI:10.1093/scan/nsx038]
[33] Ghaheri FS, Jalilvand H, Ashayeri H, Nekoutabar R, Makkiabadi B. Music Valence Can Affect Dichotic Listening Performance. Aud Vestib Res. 2023;32(1):1-8. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v32i1.11311]
[34] Beaton AA. Hemispheric emotional asymmetry in a dichotic listening task. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1979;43(2):103-9. [DOI:10.1016/0001-6918(79)90016-7]
[35] Hausmann M, Hodgetts S, Eerola T. Music-induced changes in functional cerebral asymmetries. Brain Cogn. 2016;104:58-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.03.001]
[36] Koelsch S. Investigating the Neural Encoding of Emotion with Music. Neuron. 2018;98(6):1075-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.029]
[2] Kleć M. The Influence of Listener Personality on Music Choices. Comput Sci. 2017;18(2):163. [DOI:10.7494/csci.2017.18.2.163]
[3] McDermott JH, Lehr AJ, Oxenham AJ. Individual differences reveal the basis of consonance. Curr Biol. 2010;20(11):1035-41. [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.019]
[4] Nieminen S, Istók E, Brattico E, Tervaniemi M, Huotilainen M. The development of aesthetic responses to music and their underlying neural and psychological mechanisms. Cortex. 2011;47(9):1138-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.008]
[5] Bulman-Fleming MB, Bryden MP. Simultaneous verbal and affective laterality effects. Neuropsychologia. 1994;32(7):787-97. [DOI:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90017-5]
[6] Koelsch S, Siebel WA. Towards a neural basis of music perception. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9(12):578-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.001]
[7] Flores-Gutiérrez EO, Díaz JL, Barrios FA, Favila-Humara R, Guevara MA, del Río-Portilla Y, et al. Metabolic and electric brain patterns during pleasant and unpleasant emotions induced by music masterpieces. Int J Psychophysiol. 2007;65(1):69-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.004]
[8] Koelsch S. Toward a neural basis of music perception -a review and updated model. Front Psychol. 2011;2:110. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00110]
[9] Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ, Bermudez P, Evans AC. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2(4):382-7. [DOI:10.1038/7299]12]
[10] Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM. Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport. 2004;15(13):2033-7. [DOI:10.1097/00001756-200409150-00008]
[11] Koelsch S, Fritz T, V Cramon DY, Müller K, Friederici AD. Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27(3):239-50. [DOI:10.1002/hbm.20180]
[12] Eggermont JJ. Noise and the Brain: Experience Dependent Developmental and Adult Plasticity. 1st ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2014.
[13] Greenberg DM, Baron-Cohen S, Stillwell DJ, Kosinski M, Rentfrow PJ. Musical Preferences are Linked to Cognitive Styles. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0131151. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0131151]
[14] Staum MJ, Brotons M. The effect of music amplitude on the relaxation response. J Music Ther. 2000;37(1):22-39. [DOI:10.1093/jmt/37.1.22]
[15] Furnham A. Strbac L. Music is as distracting as noise: the differential distraction of background music and noise on the cognitive test performance of introverts and extraverts. Ergonomics. 2002;45(3):203-17. [DOI:10.1080/00140130210121932]
[16] Nabelek AK, Tucker FM, Letowski TR. Toleration of background noises: relationship with patterns of hearing aid use by elderly persons. J Speech Hear Res. 1991;34(3):679-85. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3403.679]
[17] Freyaldenhoven MC, Smiley DF, Muenchen RA, Konrad TN. Acceptable noise level: reliability measures and comparison to preference for background sounds. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006;17(9):640-8. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.17.9.3]
[18] Rogers DS, Harkrider AW, Burchfield SB, Nabelek AK. The influence of listener’s gender on the acceptance of background noise. J Am Acad Audiol. 2003;14(7):372-82; quiz 401. [DOI:10.1055/s-0040-1715756]
[19] Plyler PN, Alworth LN, Rossini TP, Mapes KE. Effects of speech signal content and speaker gender on acceptance of noise in listeners with normal hearing. Int J Audiol. 2011;50(4):243-8. [DOI:10.3109/14992027.2010.545082]
[20] Harkrider AW, Tampas JW. Differences in responses from the cochleae and central nervous systems of females with low versus high acceptable noise levels. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006;17(9):667-76. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.17.9.6]
[21] Harkrider AW, Smith SB. Acceptable noise level, phoneme recognition in noise, and measures of auditory efferent activity. J Am Acad Audiol. 2005;16(8):530-45. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.16.8.2]
[22] Gordon-Hickey S, Moore RE. Acceptance of noise with intelligible, reversed, and unfamiliar primary discourse. Am J Audiol. 2008;17(2):129-35. [DOI:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/06-0018)]
[23] Ahn HJ, Bahng J, Lee JH. Measurement of Acceptable Noise Level with Background Music. J Audiol Otol. 2015;19(2):79-84. [DOI:10.7874/jao.2015.19.2.79]
[24] Gordon-Hickey S, Moore RE. Influence of music and music preference on acceptable noise levels in listeners with normal hearing. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007;18(5):417-27. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.18.5.6]
[25] Brännström KJ, Zunic E, Borovac A, Ibertsson T. Acceptance of background noise, working memory capacity, and auditory evoked potentials in subjects with normal hearing. J Am Acad Audiol. 2012;23(7):542-52. [DOI:10.3766/jaaa.23.7.6]
[26] Ho HC, Wu YH, Hsiao SH, Stangl E, Lentz EJ, Bentler RA. The equivalence of acceptable noise level (ANL) with English, Mandarin, and non-semantic speech: a study across the U.S. and Taiwan. Int J Audiol. 2013;52(2):83-91. [DOI:10.3109/14992027.2012.733422]
[27] Koch X, Dingemanse G, Goedegebure A, Janse E. Type of Speech Material Affects Acceptable Noise Level Test Outcome. Front Psychol. 2016;7:186. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00186]
[28] Hoch L, Tillmann B. Laterality effects for musical structure processing: a dichotic listening study. Neuropsychology. 2010;24(5):661-6. [DOI:10.1037/a0019653]
[29] Hugdahl K, Brønnick K, Kyllingsbaek S, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB. Brain activation during dichotic presentations of consonant-vowel and musical instrument stimuli: a 15O-PET study. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37(4):431-40. [DOI:10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00101-8]
[30] Ahmadi A, Fatahi J, Keshani A, Jalilvand H, Modarresi Y, Jalaie S. [Developing and evaluating the reliability of acceptable noise level test in Persian language]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015;4(2):109-17. Persian
[31] American National Standards Institute. Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test rooms (Rev.Ed.; ANSI S3.1.1999). New York, NY: Auther; 2008.
[32] Putkinen V, Makkonen T, Eerola T. Music-induced positive mood broadens the scope of auditory attention. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017;12(7):1159-68. [DOI:10.1093/scan/nsx038]
[33] Ghaheri FS, Jalilvand H, Ashayeri H, Nekoutabar R, Makkiabadi B. Music Valence Can Affect Dichotic Listening Performance. Aud Vestib Res. 2023;32(1):1-8. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v32i1.11311]
[34] Beaton AA. Hemispheric emotional asymmetry in a dichotic listening task. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1979;43(2):103-9. [DOI:10.1016/0001-6918(79)90016-7]
[35] Hausmann M, Hodgetts S, Eerola T. Music-induced changes in functional cerebral asymmetries. Brain Cogn. 2016;104:58-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.03.001]
[36] Koelsch S. Investigating the Neural Encoding of Emotion with Music. Neuron. 2018;98(6):1075-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.029]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 32 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v32i3.12936 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Acceptable noise level dichotic listening monotic listening noise brain processing | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Nekoutabar R, Jalilvand H, Ashayeri H, Mahdavi ME, Tabatabaee SM. Effect of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness of Music on the Acceptable Noise Level. Aud Vestib Res. 2023;32(3):204-212.
