Comparing Fine and Gross Motor Development in Normal Hearing Children, Rehabilitated, and Non-Rehabilitated Hearing-Impaired Children
,
Abstract
Background and Aim: Motor development is a continuous process throughout life. Hearing impairment in childhood may have significant effects on motor development. This study compared the motor development of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children at early developmental ages.
Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. A total of 149 children aged six to eighteen months were selected and divided into three groups: normal-hearing children (NHC) (55 girls and 65 boys) selected by convenient sampling strategy, non-rehabilitated hearing impaired children group (NRHIC) (11 girls and 13 boys) selected by purposive method, and rehabilitated hearingimpaired children group (RHIC) (3 girls and 2 boys) selected by the census method. The Denver developmental screening test 2 (DDST-ll) was used to assess motor development. The obtained data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U tests, and curve drawing.
Results: The fine motor development of the NHC (9.63±28.83) was significantly greater than the RHIC (-18 ±26.83) and NRHIC (–21.25±30.26) groups, but there was no significant difference between the RHIC and NRHIC groups. In gross motor development, the NRHIC (–32.71±41.26) group had a more significant delay compared to the NHC (13.38±37.73) and RHIC (0±21.21) groups, but there was no significant difference between the NHC and RHIC groups.
Conclusion: Hearing rehabilitation can partially compensate for the developmental delay in gross skills, but this compensation has not occurred for fine motor skills. The development of fine motor skills requires a precise synergy of small muscles and the nervous system.
[1] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M. Motor development in deaf children based on Gallahue’s model: A review study. Aud Vestib Res. 2020;29(1):10-25. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v29i1.2364]
[2] Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults. 8th ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2019.
[3] Piek JP. Early movement capabilities. Foundations of infant motor development. In: Piek JP. Infant Motor Development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2006. p: 3-31. [DOI:10.5040/9781492596943]
[4] De Kegel A, Maes L, Van Waelvelde H, Dhooge I. Examining the impact of cochlear implantation on the early gross motor development of children with a hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2015;36(3):e113-21. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000133]
[5] Homans NC, Metselaar RM, Dingemanse JG, van der Schroeff MP, Brocaar MP, Wieringa MH, et al. Prevalence of agerelated hearing loss, including sex differences, in older adults in a large cohort study. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(3):725-30. [DOI:10.1002/lary.26150]
[6] Reid AM, Bolshakova MI, Guzick AG, Fernandez AG, Striley CW, Geffken GR, et al. Common barriers to the dissemination of exposure therapy for youth with anxiety disorders. Community Ment Health J. 2017;53(4):432-7. [DOI:10.1007/s10597-017-0108-9]
[7] Denmark T, Marshall J, Mummery C, Roy P, Woll B, Atkinson J. Detecting memory impairment in deaf people: a new test of verbal learning and memory in British sign language. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2016;31(8):855-67. [DOI:10.1093/arclin/acw032]
[8] Singh A, Raynor EM, Lee JW, Smith SL, Heet H, Garrison D, et al. Vestibular dysfunction and gross motor milestone acquisition in children with hearing loss: A systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;165(4):493-506. [DOI:10.1177/0194599820983726]
[9] Masuda T, Kaga K. Relationship between acquisition of motor function and vestibular function in children with bilateral severe hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134(7):672-8. [DOI:10.3109/00016489.2014.890290]
[10] Uysal SA, Erden Z, Akbayrak T, Demirtürk F. Comparison of balance and gait in visually or hearing impaired children. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):71-80. [DOI:10.2466/10.11.15.25.PMS.111.4.71-80]
[11] Suarez H, Alonso R, Arocena S, Ferreira E, Roman CS, Suarez A, et al. Sensorimotor interaction in deaf children. Relationship between gait performance and hearing input during childhood assessed in pre-lingual cochlear implant users. Acta Otolaryngol. 2017;137(4):346-51. [DOI:10.1080/00016489.2016.1247496]
[12] Katagiri M, Ito H, Murayama Y, Hamada M, Nakajima S, Takayanagi N, et al. Fine and gross motor skills predict later psychosocial maladaptation and academic achievement. Brain Dev. 2021;43(5):605-15. [DOI:10.1016/j.braindev.2021.01.003]
[13] Ertugrul G, Aslan F, Sennaroglu G, Sennaroglu L. Children with auditory brainstem implant: How do they perform in motor and language skills? Audiol Neurootol. 2021;26(3):173-81. [DOI:10.1159/000510584]
[14] Haddadi Aval M, Abdollahi F, Jafarzadeh S. Auditory rehabilitation based on auditory verbal therapy approach on children with bilateral sensory-neural hearing loss. Aud Vestib Res. 2020;29(3):172-7. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v29i3.3850]
[15] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M. Motor development of deaf children. Chisinau: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing; 2021. p. 30-31.
[16] Frankenburg WK, Dodds J, Archer Ph, Shapiro H, Bresnick B. The Denver II: A major revision and restandardization of the Denver developmental screening test. Pediatrics. 1992;89(1):91-7. [DOI:10.1542/peds.89.1.91]
[17] Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. [Has Denver developmental screening test-II appropriate validity and reliability for screening of developmental disorders in 0-6 years old children in Tehran city?]. Payesh. 2011;10(4):469-75. Persian.
[18] Trinity D G. Denver II Training Manual. 2017. Available from https://kupdf.net/download/denver-ii-trainingmanual_595f1da7dc0d600a072be308_pdf.
[19] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M, Saedi S, Ghadampour E. [Evaluation of the development of gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social skills of children 6 to 18 months in Khorramabad based on Denver II developmental screening test]. Yafte. 2021; 23(4):169-81. Persian. [DOI:10.32592/Yafteh.2021.23.4.14]
[20] Horn DL, Pisoni DB, Miyamoto RT. Divergence of fine and gross motor skills in prelingually deaf children: Implications for cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1500-6. [DOI:10.1097/01.mlg.0000230404.84242.4c]
[21] de Souza Melo R, dos Santos Marinho SE, Freire MEA, Souza RA, Damasceno HAM, Raposo MCF. [Static and dynamic balance of children and adolescents with sensorineural hearing loss (English-Portuguese)]. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2017;15(3):262-8. [DOI:10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3976]
[22] Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach. 10th ed. New York: Routledge; 2020. [DOI:10.4324/9780429327568]
[23] Jaiswal M, Morankar R. Understanding Primitive Reflexes and Their Role In Growth And Development: A Review. Int Healthcare Res. 2017;1(8):243-7. [DOI:10.26440/IHRJ/01_08/123]
[24] Dair J, Ellis MK, Lieberman LJ. Prevalence of overweight among deaf children. Am Ann Deaf. 2006;151(3):318-26. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2006.0034]
[25] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M. [Investigate the effectiveness of auditory rehabilitation on the stress, anxiety, depression and life expectancy of parents of deaf children]. Yafte. 2018;20(2):13-21. Persian.
[26] Dummer GM, Haubenstricker JL, Stewart DA. Motor skill performances of children who are deaf. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 1996;13(4):400-14. [DOI:10.1123/apaq.13.4.400]
[27] Gkouvatzi AN, Mantis K, Kambas A. Comparative study of motor performance of deaf and hard of hearing students in reaction time, visual-motor control and upper limb speed and dexterity abilities. Int J Spec Educ. 2010;25(2):15-25.
[28] Hartman E, Houwen S, Visscher C. Motor skill performance and sports participation in deaf elementary school children. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2011;28(2):132-45. [DOI:10.1123/apaq.28.2.132]
[29] Horn DL, Fagan MK, Dillon CM, Pisoni DB, Miyamoto RT. Visual-motor integration skills of prelingually deaf children: Implications for pediatric cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(11):2017-25. [DOI:10.1097/MLG.0b013e3181271401]
[30] Dieleman E, Percy-Smith L, Caye-Thomasen P. Language outcome in children with congenital hearing impairment: The influence of etiology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;117:37-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.11.002]
[31] Yang Y, Liu YH, Fu MF, Li CL, Wang LY, Wang Q, et al. Home-based early intervention on auditory and speech development in Mandarin-speaking deaf infants and toddlers with chronological aged 7-24 months. Chin Med J. 2015;128(16):2202-7. [DOI:10.4103/0366-6999.162504]
[32] Lawyer G. Deaf education and deaf culture: Lessons from Latin America. Am Ann Deaf. 2018;162(5):486-8. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2018.0006]
[2] Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults. 8th ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2019.
[3] Piek JP. Early movement capabilities. Foundations of infant motor development. In: Piek JP. Infant Motor Development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2006. p: 3-31. [DOI:10.5040/9781492596943]
[4] De Kegel A, Maes L, Van Waelvelde H, Dhooge I. Examining the impact of cochlear implantation on the early gross motor development of children with a hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2015;36(3):e113-21. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000133]
[5] Homans NC, Metselaar RM, Dingemanse JG, van der Schroeff MP, Brocaar MP, Wieringa MH, et al. Prevalence of agerelated hearing loss, including sex differences, in older adults in a large cohort study. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(3):725-30. [DOI:10.1002/lary.26150]
[6] Reid AM, Bolshakova MI, Guzick AG, Fernandez AG, Striley CW, Geffken GR, et al. Common barriers to the dissemination of exposure therapy for youth with anxiety disorders. Community Ment Health J. 2017;53(4):432-7. [DOI:10.1007/s10597-017-0108-9]
[7] Denmark T, Marshall J, Mummery C, Roy P, Woll B, Atkinson J. Detecting memory impairment in deaf people: a new test of verbal learning and memory in British sign language. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2016;31(8):855-67. [DOI:10.1093/arclin/acw032]
[8] Singh A, Raynor EM, Lee JW, Smith SL, Heet H, Garrison D, et al. Vestibular dysfunction and gross motor milestone acquisition in children with hearing loss: A systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;165(4):493-506. [DOI:10.1177/0194599820983726]
[9] Masuda T, Kaga K. Relationship between acquisition of motor function and vestibular function in children with bilateral severe hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134(7):672-8. [DOI:10.3109/00016489.2014.890290]
[10] Uysal SA, Erden Z, Akbayrak T, Demirtürk F. Comparison of balance and gait in visually or hearing impaired children. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):71-80. [DOI:10.2466/10.11.15.25.PMS.111.4.71-80]
[11] Suarez H, Alonso R, Arocena S, Ferreira E, Roman CS, Suarez A, et al. Sensorimotor interaction in deaf children. Relationship between gait performance and hearing input during childhood assessed in pre-lingual cochlear implant users. Acta Otolaryngol. 2017;137(4):346-51. [DOI:10.1080/00016489.2016.1247496]
[12] Katagiri M, Ito H, Murayama Y, Hamada M, Nakajima S, Takayanagi N, et al. Fine and gross motor skills predict later psychosocial maladaptation and academic achievement. Brain Dev. 2021;43(5):605-15. [DOI:10.1016/j.braindev.2021.01.003]
[13] Ertugrul G, Aslan F, Sennaroglu G, Sennaroglu L. Children with auditory brainstem implant: How do they perform in motor and language skills? Audiol Neurootol. 2021;26(3):173-81. [DOI:10.1159/000510584]
[14] Haddadi Aval M, Abdollahi F, Jafarzadeh S. Auditory rehabilitation based on auditory verbal therapy approach on children with bilateral sensory-neural hearing loss. Aud Vestib Res. 2020;29(3):172-7. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v29i3.3850]
[15] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M. Motor development of deaf children. Chisinau: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing; 2021. p. 30-31.
[16] Frankenburg WK, Dodds J, Archer Ph, Shapiro H, Bresnick B. The Denver II: A major revision and restandardization of the Denver developmental screening test. Pediatrics. 1992;89(1):91-7. [DOI:10.1542/peds.89.1.91]
[17] Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. [Has Denver developmental screening test-II appropriate validity and reliability for screening of developmental disorders in 0-6 years old children in Tehran city?]. Payesh. 2011;10(4):469-75. Persian.
[18] Trinity D G. Denver II Training Manual. 2017. Available from https://kupdf.net/download/denver-ii-trainingmanual_595f1da7dc0d600a072be308_pdf.
[19] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M, Saedi S, Ghadampour E. [Evaluation of the development of gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social skills of children 6 to 18 months in Khorramabad based on Denver II developmental screening test]. Yafte. 2021; 23(4):169-81. Persian. [DOI:10.32592/Yafteh.2021.23.4.14]
[20] Horn DL, Pisoni DB, Miyamoto RT. Divergence of fine and gross motor skills in prelingually deaf children: Implications for cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1500-6. [DOI:10.1097/01.mlg.0000230404.84242.4c]
[21] de Souza Melo R, dos Santos Marinho SE, Freire MEA, Souza RA, Damasceno HAM, Raposo MCF. [Static and dynamic balance of children and adolescents with sensorineural hearing loss (English-Portuguese)]. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2017;15(3):262-8. [DOI:10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3976]
[22] Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach. 10th ed. New York: Routledge; 2020. [DOI:10.4324/9780429327568]
[23] Jaiswal M, Morankar R. Understanding Primitive Reflexes and Their Role In Growth And Development: A Review. Int Healthcare Res. 2017;1(8):243-7. [DOI:10.26440/IHRJ/01_08/123]
[24] Dair J, Ellis MK, Lieberman LJ. Prevalence of overweight among deaf children. Am Ann Deaf. 2006;151(3):318-26. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2006.0034]
[25] Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M. [Investigate the effectiveness of auditory rehabilitation on the stress, anxiety, depression and life expectancy of parents of deaf children]. Yafte. 2018;20(2):13-21. Persian.
[26] Dummer GM, Haubenstricker JL, Stewart DA. Motor skill performances of children who are deaf. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 1996;13(4):400-14. [DOI:10.1123/apaq.13.4.400]
[27] Gkouvatzi AN, Mantis K, Kambas A. Comparative study of motor performance of deaf and hard of hearing students in reaction time, visual-motor control and upper limb speed and dexterity abilities. Int J Spec Educ. 2010;25(2):15-25.
[28] Hartman E, Houwen S, Visscher C. Motor skill performance and sports participation in deaf elementary school children. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2011;28(2):132-45. [DOI:10.1123/apaq.28.2.132]
[29] Horn DL, Fagan MK, Dillon CM, Pisoni DB, Miyamoto RT. Visual-motor integration skills of prelingually deaf children: Implications for pediatric cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(11):2017-25. [DOI:10.1097/MLG.0b013e3181271401]
[30] Dieleman E, Percy-Smith L, Caye-Thomasen P. Language outcome in children with congenital hearing impairment: The influence of etiology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;117:37-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.11.002]
[31] Yang Y, Liu YH, Fu MF, Li CL, Wang LY, Wang Q, et al. Home-based early intervention on auditory and speech development in Mandarin-speaking deaf infants and toddlers with chronological aged 7-24 months. Chin Med J. 2015;128(16):2202-7. [DOI:10.4103/0366-6999.162504]
[32] Lawyer G. Deaf education and deaf culture: Lessons from Latin America. Am Ann Deaf. 2018;162(5):486-8. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2018.0006]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 31 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v31i3.9871 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Deafness hearing impaired rehabilitation motor skills | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Veiskarami P, Roozbahani M, Saedi S, Ghadampour E. Comparing Fine and Gross Motor Development in Normal Hearing Children, Rehabilitated, and Non-Rehabilitated Hearing-Impaired Children. Aud Vestib Res. 2022;31(3):208-217.
