The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Planning and Working Memory of Executive Functions in Cochlear Implanted Children
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, hearing loss affects various aspects of executive functions and cognitive rehabilitation is important in increasing planning capacity and working memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on planning and working memory of executive functions in cochlear implanted children.
Methods: This study was a semi-experimental clinical trial. Using the purposive sampling method, 24 hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (12 subjects) and a control group (12 subjects). The experimental group received 12 treatment sessions based on a protocol of cognitive rehabilitation program for executive functions (spatial planning and working memory), while the control group did not participate in this program. We assessed executive function using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), which assessed the Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) and Attention switching task (AST).
Results: The results of MANCOVA were shown to be effective at the post-test stage for improving executive function in the experimental group (p≤0.001). But there was no significant difference in stockings of Cambridge problem solve and stockings of Cambridge move 4 between two groups after the intervention.
Conclusion: There was a significant increase in spatial planning and spatial working memory of the experimental group. Cognitive rehabilitation can be a useful intervention to improve spatial planning and spatial working memory in cochlear implanted hearing-impaired children.
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[24] Fray PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Neuorpsychiatyric applications of CANTAB. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;11(4):329-36. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199604)11:43.0.CO;2-6]
[25] Samuel R. Cognitive rehabilitation for reversible and progressive brain injury. Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(4):282-4. [DOI:10.4103/0019-5545.44752]
[26] Owen AM, Hampshire A, Grahn JA, Stenton R, Dajani S, Burns AS, et al. Putting brain training to the test. Nature. 2010;465(7299):775-8. [DOI:10.1038/nature09042]
[27] Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC. Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19(1):78-94. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028)]
[28] Simpson T, Camfield D, Pipingas A, Macpherson H, Stough C. Improved processing speed: online computer-based cognitive `training in older adults. Educ Gerontol. 2012;38(7):445-58. [DOI:10.1080/03601277.2011.559858]
[2] Shallice T. Specific impairments of planning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1982;298(1089):199-209. [DOI:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082]
[3] Dehn MJ. Working memory and academic learning: assessment and intervention. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.
[4] Beer J, Kronenberger WG, Castellanos I, Colson BG, Henning SC, Pisoni DB. Executive functioning skills in preschoolage children with cochlear implants. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2014;57(4):1521-34. [DOI:10.1044/2014_JSLHR-H-13-0054]
[5] Gharashi K, Moheb N, Abdi R. Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on decreasing anxiety and depression symptoms in mothers of hearing-impaired or deaf children. Aud Vestib Res. 2019;28(2):116-23. [DOI:10.18502/avr.v28i2.866]
[6] Thorell LB, Lindqvist S, Nutley SB, Bohlin G, Klingberg T. Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. Dev Sci. 2009;12(1):106-13. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00745.x]
[7] Luria AR. Restoration of Function after brain injury. New York: Pergamon; 1963.
[8] Fernandez E, Bergado Rosado JA, Rodriguez Perez D, Salazar Santana S, Torres Aguilar M, Bringas ML. Effectiveness of a computer-based training program of attention and memory in patients with acquired brain damage. Behav Sci (Basel). 2017;8(1):4. [DOI:10.3390/bs8010004]
[9] De Luca CR, Wood SJ, Anderson V, Buchanan JA, Proffitt TM, Mahony K, et al. Normative data from the CANTAB. I: development of executive function over the lifespan. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;25(2):242-54. [DOI:10.1076/jcen.25.2.242.13639]
[10] van de Ven RM, Murre JMJ, Veltman DJ, Schmand BA. Computer-based cognitive training for executive functions after stroke: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:150. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00150]
[11] Shao Y-K, Mang J, Li P-L, Wang J, Deng T, Xu Z-x. Computer-Based Cognitive Programs for Improvement of Memory, Processing Speed and Executive Function during Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130831. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130831]
[12] Welsh JA, Nix RL, Blair C, Bierman KL, Nelson KE. The development of cognitive skills and gains in academic school readiness for children from low-income families. J Educ Psychol. 2010;102(1):43-53. [DOI:10.1037/a0016738]
[13] Kronenberger WG, Pisoni DB, Henning SC, Colson BG. Executive functioning skills in long-term users of cochlear implants: A case control study. J Pediatr Psychol. 2013;38(8):902-14. [DOI:10.1093/jpepsy/jst034]
[14] Figueras B, Edwards L, Langdon D. Executive function and language in deaf children. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2008;13(3):362-77. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/enm067]
[15] Cleary M, Pisoni DB, Geers AE. Some measures of verbal and spatial working memory in eight- and nine-year-old hearing-impaired children with cochlear implants. Ear Hear. 2001;22(5):395-411. [DOI:10.1097/00003446-200110000-00004]
[16] Surowiecki VN, Sarant J, Maruff P, Blamey PJ, Busby PA, Clark GM. Cognitive processing in children using cochlear implants: the relationship between visual memory, attention, and executive functions and developing language skills. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2002;189:119-26. [DOI:10.1177/00034894021110S524]
[17] Ashori M, Yazdanipour M, Pahlavani M. The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation program on auditory perception and verbal intelligibility of deaf children. Am J Otolaryngol. 2019;40(5):724-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.06.011]
[18] Vatandoost N, Yarmohammadian A, Abedi A, Ghaziasgar N, Moghtadaie M. [The effect of auditory perception training on reading performance of the 8-9-year old female students with dyslexia: A preliminary study]. Audiol. 2013;22(4):60-8. Persian.
[19] Shokoohi-Yekta M, Lotfi S, Rostami R, Arjmandnia AA, Motamed-Yeganeh N, Sharifi A. [The effectiveness of computerized cognitive training on the working memory performance of children with dyslexia]. Audiol. 2014, 23(3):46-56. Persian.
[20] Najarzadegan M, Nejati V, Amiri NA, Sharifian M. [Effect of cognitive rehabilitation on executive function (working memory and attention) in children with Aattention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]. J Rehab Med. 2015;4(2):97-108. Persian.
[21] Kaplan E, Fein D, Maerlander A, Morris R, Kramer J. Wechsler intelligence scale for children, (Integrated). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. 2004.
[22] Sholberg MM, Mateer CA. Cognitive rehabilitation: an integrative neuropsychological approach. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford press; 2001.
[23] Goldstein FC, Levin HS. Disorders of reasoning and problem-solving ability. In: Meier MJ, Benton AL, Diller L, editors. Neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: The Guilford Press; 1987. p. 327-54.
[24] Fray PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Neuorpsychiatyric applications of CANTAB. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;11(4):329-36. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199604)11:43.0.CO;2-6]
[25] Samuel R. Cognitive rehabilitation for reversible and progressive brain injury. Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(4):282-4. [DOI:10.4103/0019-5545.44752]
[26] Owen AM, Hampshire A, Grahn JA, Stenton R, Dajani S, Burns AS, et al. Putting brain training to the test. Nature. 2010;465(7299):775-8. [DOI:10.1038/nature09042]
[27] Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC. Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19(1):78-94. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028)]
[28] Simpson T, Camfield D, Pipingas A, Macpherson H, Stough C. Improved processing speed: online computer-based cognitive `training in older adults. Educ Gerontol. 2012;38(7):445-58. [DOI:10.1080/03601277.2011.559858]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 31 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v31i3.9868 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cognitive rehabilitation executive function hearing-impaired cochlear implant | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Gharashi K, Abdi R. The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Planning and Working Memory of Executive Functions in Cochlear Implanted Children. Aud Vestib Res. 2022;31(3):180-188.
