Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 02 14 166 173 EN Seyede Faranak Emami Hearing Disorder Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Elnaz Shariatpanahi Hearing Disorder Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2022 11 29 2023 01 01 Background and Aim: Speech-in-Noise (SIN) perception is one of the most important issues processed by human listeners. The purpose of speech tests is to determine the perceptual abilities of people in real life conditions; therefore, can speech tests in quiet be a valuable measure of this ability? Is the central representation of speech-in-quiet and SIN perception the same? This review study aimed to investigate the central representation of SIN perception in healthy individuals aged 14 to 60 years. Recent Findings: Central representation of SIN perception is influenced by various peripheral factors and includes several neural processes. All auditory nerve fibers are stimulated by speech and noise. Low-frequency sounds play a much more important role than high-frequencies. The auditory nerve fibers that are stimulated by speech, respond only to fundamental frequencies (F0). The degree of neural synchronization that increases by noise and causes the simultaneous activity of these fibers, develops auditory processing. Large areas of the auditory cortex and its external parts (parietal, premotor, and mirror neurons) are stimulated. Larger groups of cortical nerve fibers are used for speech signals of the same family with significant ecological importance. Conclusion: Central representation of SIN perception is not the same as in quiet. Speech perception tests in quiet cannot assess real-life perceptual abilities of people. SIN tests should be used routinely as a practical confirmatory test in audiology clinics. It is very necessary that the list of words and sentences required for SIN perception tests be prepared for different languages. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1102

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 04 15 174 185 Behnoush Kamali Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansoureh Adel Ghahraman Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Hoseinabadi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Manchester Center for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Vajiheh Aghamollaii Department of Neurology, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 12 26 2023 01 15 Background and Aim: Considering the critical input of the vestibular system to the hippocampus as an area involved in cognition, and vestibular disorders reported in patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), we aimed to investigate the effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation (VR) with and without noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (nGVS) on cognitive function in patients with aMCI. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, twenty-two patients with aMCI were randomly assigned to two groups receiving: 1) VR for four weeks (VR group); 2) VR for four weeks with nGVS for three sessions (GVS+VR group). Outcome measures were Rey's Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Corsi blocks, Visual Search (VS), and match to sample tests. Results: Mean immediate and delayed recalls of RAVLT, all of the outcomes of Corsi blocks and VS tests, and the error rate of the match to sample tests improved significantly after intervention in VR and GVS+VR groups. Between-group differences were observed for learning and delayed recalls of RAVLT (p=0.001, d=0.444 and p<0.001, d=0.512 respectively), reaction times 1 and 2 in VS (p=0.007, d=0.325 and p=0.001, d=0.446 respectively), the total correct trial of Corsi blocks (p=0.026, d=0.235), and error rate of the match to sample (p=0.017, d=0.266) tests. Conclusion: The synergistic effect of VR and GVS suggested that simultaneous use of both stimulations improves verbal and visuospatial memory in aMCI patients. Study protocol location: https://irct.ir/trial/47249 Trial registration number: IRCT20160131026279N3 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1117

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 05 06 186 197 Saeid Aarabi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghassem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeid Farahani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Akram Parand Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Kamal Pahlavan Yali Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 12 24 2023 02 12 Background and Aim: The use of subliminal stimulation for unconscious effects on the target population is of great importance. while several studies have generated proper visual and auditory stimuli for subliminal stimulation, no study was found on the long-term effects of it. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the long-term effects of auditory subliminal presentation on the central nervous system structures using fMRI and Auditory Late Responses (ALRs). Methods: Participants were 26 students with a mean age of 24.03±2.32 years. There was four group in study. First, fMRI was done and ALRs were recorded for all of them. Then, music files containing words embedded in them was presented subliminally to participants in groups A and B for 10 days, group C received music file without any subliminal stimuli and group D was control group. It was repeated after 10 days. Results: The subliminal stimuli had significant effects on the amplitudes of P1, N1, P2, and P3 waves (F3=25.03, 25.41, 39.11, and 14.60; p<0.001). Between-group comparison showed significant changes in groups A and B compared to groups C and D (p<0.05). The difference in the recorded potential mean values showed the highest change for recording electrodes in the prefrontal, frontal, and central regions and the lowest change in parietal and occipital regions. There was no significant change for a latency component. Conclusion: Subliminal stimuli, presented appropriately and continuously, can leave longterm effects on the central nervous system structure causing extensive changes in the people’sattitude to a certain subject. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1115

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 04 25 198 203 EN Mohsen Saeidmanesh Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Farangis Demehri Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Zohreh Alipour Esmaeili Anari Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran 2022 11 05 2023 02 14 Background and Aim: Sand Play Therapy (SPT) is a psychotherapy and nonverbal method used for people with trauma, disabilities, and distress. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of SPT on aggression and emotional adjustment of children with a hearing impairment aged 5–7 years. Methods: In this quasi-experiment study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group, 30 children aged 5–7 years with hearing impairment participated. They were randomly assigned into two groups: control and experimental. The research instruments were Sinha and Singh adjustment questionnaire and the Shahim aggression questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. Results: There were statistically significant differences (score decrease) between the two study groups after the SPT in terms of aggression (p<0.05) and the emotional adjustment of children (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that SPT could decrease aggression and improve emotional adjustment in children with hearing loss. This method can be used to rehabilitate these children. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1096

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 05 10 204 212 Raha Nekoutabar Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Jalilvand Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hasan Ashayeri Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ebrahim Mahdavi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Mahdi Tabatabaee Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 12 06 2023 02 22 Background and Aim: Music can be a favorite, annoying, or even a distracting noise. It is known that the processing of brain hemispheres is affected by the pleasantness/unpleasantness of music, which could be utilized as a signal or noise in auditory neuroscience. By using the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) test, which is the quantification of noise tolerance while listening to a running speech, we investigated whether the pleasantness/unpleasantness of music affects the ANL results under monotic-listening and dichotic-listening conditions. Methods: Based on the subjective scale scores, pleasant and unpleasant music (10 songs) were selected as alternatives to babble noise or running speech for testing 50 subjects for seven monotic and dichotic listening conditions. Results: While pleasant music changed the ANL significantly under monotic listening conditions, the higher level of babble noise was tolerated, and both characteristics of music pleasantness and unpleasantness changed ANL significantly for various dichotic conditions. The range of the ANL for dichotic conditions is wider than that for monotic conditions. Conclusion: Music can affect the ANL in terms of pleasantness and unpleasantness for both monotic and dichotic listening conditions, with a greater effect on dichotic conditions, indicating the role of hemispheric specification in emotional music processing. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1104 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/1104/503

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 05 06 213 217 Hossein Namvar Arefi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Majid Haddadi Aval Department of Audiology, School of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Nastran Ranjbar Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Jafarzadeh Department of Audiology, School of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2023 01 05 2023 03 12 Background and Aim: Tinnitus is a common symptom and affects patients differently. The Iowa Tinnitus Primary Function (ITPF) questionnaire evaluates tinnitus in four areas: concentration, emotion, hearing, and sleep. This study aimed to translate and then assess the psychometrics of the ITPF questionnaire. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and methodological (test construction) study. The questionnaire was translated by the Word Health Organization protocol. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed. The measured validities were the content, face, and discriminative. The reliability was estimated by internal consistency and test-retest stability. We also measured the effects of age and sex on the questionnaire’s score. Results: The questionnaire was translated based on the protocol. Each item of the questionnaire was understandable for patients and healthy participants. The face and content validities were confirmed by the patients and specialists, respectively. The score of 10.97 was determined as the cutoff point between patients and healthy participants, with a sensitivity of 86.70% and a specificity of 96.10%. The Cronbach α was found to be 0.958, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.975. No significant effect was observed for age (p=0.314) and gender (p=0.866). Conclusion: The Persian version of the questionnaire showed high validity and reliability. It could be used in research and clinical settings. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1124

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 04 16 218 223 Somayeh Mohammadian Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Kamali Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Maarefvand Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mobaraki Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2023 01 04 2023 03 19 Background and Aim: Satisfaction with hearing aids is very important for continued use of the device and improving hearingale="en_US">Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran AND Religious and Medicine Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Majid Asadi-Shekaari Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran AND Religious and Medicine Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Khaksari Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iraj Aghaei Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Fateme Delavari Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Zohre Vaziri Centre de Recherche CERVO, Department de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada 2021 05 25 2021 08 05 Background and Aim: Stress could play either helpful or harmful roles in vestibular compensation, the process of recovery after vestibular system lesions. Herein, we examined the effect of two stressor types on vestibular compensation: chronic anxiety disorder induced by early maternal separation (MS), and caloric restriction by an intermittent fasting (IF) diet. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=56) received maternal separation (the MS group), intermittent fasting (IF group), unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD group), or a mixture of these interventions (UVD+IF, UVD+MS, and UVD+IF+MS). All the groups were compared with control animals. The animals’ balance, motor coordination, anxiety, locomotor activity, and serum cortisol levels were evaluated by rotarod, open field, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, respectively. The data were compared with those of the healthy control (HC) group. Results: The UVD animals did not show a significant change in the time on the rod, except for the IF+UVD group (p=0.04). There was no significant difference between the experimental groups on the open field indices, except for the MS+IF+UVD group which traveled a significantly less total distance (p=0.02). Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher than HCs for all the groups except for the sham saline and IF+UVD group (p<0.05). Conclusion: IF seems to promote compensation after UVD, while MS may disrupt it. However, IF loses its beneficial outcomes if the animal has received another source of stress, i.e. MS. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/955 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/955/437

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 1 2022 01 01 53 59 Hamed Fanaei Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Akram Pourbakht Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Jafarzadeh Department of Audiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2021 06 26 2021 08 22 Background and Aim: Ischemic injury is a major cause of hearing loss and oxidative stress is an important part of ischemic injury. The goal of this study was to evaluate the cochlear oxidative stress effect on auditory responses in male rats. Methods: Cochlear oxidative stress was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 20 minutes. The rats were evaluated by biochemical inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the day before and 1st, 4th, and 7th days following surgery. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) and electrocochleography (ECochG) were evaluated on the day before surgery and 14th, 21th and 28th days after surgery. Results: TNF-α and CRP levels concentrations increased one day after ischemia and subsequently decreased on the 7th day. The click and tone burst evoked ABR showed increased thresholds on day14th, 21th, and 28th. The highest threshold was recorded on day14th. The ECochG results also were abnormal for 55%, 70%, and 45% of cases on day 14th, 21th, and 28th, respectively. Conclusion: Cochlear oxidative stress affects hearing sensitivity. The ABR shows elevated thresholds and abnormal ECochG was found in many cases. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/969 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/969/439

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 1 2022 01 01 60 68 Fatemeh Khodaei Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzaneh Fatahi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nematollah Rouhbakhsh Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amineh Koravand Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada 2021 07 17 2021 08 23 Background and Aim: Hearing loss in children leads to speech and language delays, low academic achievement, literacy delays, and psychosocial difficulties. Screening instrument for targeting educational risk (SIFTER) is one of the questionnaires used for evaluation of students’ performance in schools. The current study aims to develop Persian versions of primary and secondary SIFTER questionnaires and assessing their validity and reliability. Methods: The main English versions of primary and secondary SIFTER questionnaires were translated into Persian named as P-SIFTER and secondary P-SIFTER. Then, their face validities were determined based on the options of related experts. The final versions were completed by 55 teachers of 150 students (64 primary and 86 secondary school students) divided into two groups of hearing-impaired (HI) and normal-hearing (NH) students. The testretest reliabilities were assessed in 117 students (64 primary and 53 secondary school students). Results: The results revealed that these questionnaires had high face validity. The content validity index for P-SIFTER and secondary P-SIFTER were obtained 0.94 and 0.92, respectively. The total score of P-SIFTER was 51.85 and 65.41 in HI and NH students, respectively. For the secondary P-SIFTER, it was 58.75 and 67.48, respectively. The test-retest reliability showed high correlation for NH and HI students between P-SIFTER and secondary P-SIFTER scores. The Cronbach’s alpha value for the overall score of P-SIFTER was 0.96 for both HI and NH students; for secondary P-SIFTER, the values were 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian versions of primary and secondary SIFTER questionnaires have acceptable validity and reliability. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/976 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/976/440

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 1 2022 01 01 69 73 EN Yazdan Pirouzmand Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmadreza Nazeri Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leyla Jalilvand Karimi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Majidpour Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 01 2021 09 14 Background and Aim: Many aspects and features of auditory system can be improved by musical training. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a stringed musical instrument playing course on temporal resolution and temporal fine structure (TFS) processing. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 normal-hearing adults aged 20–40 years divided to two groups. The