Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 74 83 EN Amir Majidpour Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahshid Moheb Aleaba Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Maryam Aghamolaei Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmadreza Nazeri Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 04 2021 09 21 Background and Aim: Dichotic listening (DL) test is a non-invasive method used to study hemispheric asymmetry, hemispheric dominance for language processing, or brain lateralization. In addition to the type, concurrence, and the intensity of stimuli presented to the ears, other factors exist that may have less effect on the DL test results. This review study aims to find these factors. Recent Findings: The factors that affects the DL included ear advantage, attention, working memory, gender, and top-down and bottom-up factors. These factors were reviewed and discussed in detail so that more precise test results can be obtained. Moreover, due to the significant effects of each factor on the test results, manipulation of these factors was also reviewed. Conclusion: According to the results of previous studies, ear advantage, attention, working memory, gender, and top-down and bottom-up factors play an important role in the interpretation of DL results; their negligence during the test can affect the outcomes and provide incorrect brain lateralization results. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/987

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 84 91 Afsaneh Ataee Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Theology, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran Valiollah Noori Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e Kord Branch, Shahr-e Kord, Iran Zeinab Pourkhaghan Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Theology, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran 2021 06 06 2021 10 23 Background and Aim: This article seeks to examine rights of deaf and unable to hear individuals in international documents as well as domestic Iranian law. In this review, supports in the mentioned documents are discussed and the weaknesses, strengths, objections, and challenges in the laws are analyzed and examined. Lack of access to community facilities lead to marginalization of deaf people. Access to community facilities is an important factor that creates equal opportunities and realizes rights of deaf people. Recent Findings: Iran’s accession to the Treaty on the Rights of disabled people, the Global treaty on Cultural, Public, Economic as well as Children’s title, is one of salient points of these protection laws. By implementing Iran’s national and global commitments regarding titles of the deaf, it is concluded that Comprehensive Law and its executive regulations have been adopted several years before accession to the Contract on the Disability, but they cover most of concepts of the Contract on Education. Conclusion: Given the Senate and the convention, no significant legal action was taken and the program did not address deaf directly. The lack of an effective mechanism for laws protecting the disabled people right is an institutional as well as structural obstacle for realization of disabled people, especially deaf. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/961 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/961/447

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 92 97 Ali Nemati Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Farangis Demehri Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Mohsen Saeidmanesh Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran 2021 06 29 2021 09 22 Background and Aim: Adolescents with hearing loss face many communication problems and challenges due to their hearing impairment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of psychodrama on communication skills of adolescents with hearing loss. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest design using a control group. The study population consists of all adolescents with hearing loss aged 12–15 years studying at Naghme School for the Deaf in Yazd, Iran. A total of 24 adolescents were selected using a purposive sampling technique and were randomly assigned into groups of control (n=12) and intervention (n=12). The intervention group received psychodrama at nine sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group received no treatment. The Queendom Communication Skills Test (QCST) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Psychodrama can improve communication skills of adolescents with hearing loss, which is verbal communication. Conclusion: The mean and standard deviation of the pretest QCST score was 78.75±9.4 for the intervention group. After the treatment, the QCST scores was 105.08±6.28 for the intervention group. The results of ANCOVA showed an improvement in Queendom Communication Skills Test scores of adolescents after intervention (p<0.001). https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/970

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 98 103 EN Mitra Sohrabi Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nahid Jalilevand Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND. Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 07 23 2021 09 22 Background and Aim: Consonant development plays a significant role in speech intelligibility which is impaired in children with profound hearing loss. Cochlear implant (CI) can facilitate the development of language comprehension and sound production in children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. This study aimed to compare consonant production skills in children with CI and normal-hearing (NH) children aged 3–5 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 20 children with CI and 20 agematched NH children. The consonant production skills were assessed using the speech intelligibility test in Persian. Results: There were significant differences between CI and NH children (p<0.05), where the highest percentage of correct production in both groups was related to the manner of articulation of stop and nasal consonants. NH children showed less accuracy only in /r/ and /ʧ/, while children with CI were less accurate in /q/, /x/, /ʤ/, /l/, /j/, and /r/. Conclusion: Children with CI have lower scores compared to age-matched NH peers, but they have similar consonant production skills. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/981

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 104 111 EN Atefeh Abolhasani Zeraatkar Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzaneh Fatahi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeid Farahani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 25 2021 09 24 Background and Aim: In a noisy environment, children struggle more than adults to understand speech. Various tests at different levels of cognition are available to evaluate children’s speech perception abilities in a noisy environment. The present study aimed at determining the reliability and equivalency of the Persian version of the quick speech-in-noise (P-Q-SIN) test in 7-12 years old school-aged children. Methods: A total of 120 (60 girls) students with normal hearing were chosen from primary schools in district 2 of Kerman City, Iran. They were in five age groups ranging from 7 to 12 years (24 children per age group). Pure tone audiometry test was performed on the samples, then nine lists of P-Q-SIN of previous studies (Khalili et al. and Shayanmehr et al.) were administered on these participants. To obtain the test-retest reliability, three weeks later, the re-test was performed. Results: In the test-retest reliability, lists 1 and 4 of Khalili et al. and list 2 of Shayanmehr et al. were highly correlated (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the scores of girls and boys (p>0.05). The participant’s performance improves as the age increases. Conclusion: None of the lists of Shayanmehr et al. was reliable and equivalent. List 1 and 4 of Khalili et al. were reliable and equivalent; therefore, they can be used in clinical application for children in the age range of 7 to 12 years by considering the norm of signal-to-noise ratio loss. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/988 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/988/458

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 112 120 EN Mahsa Habibi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Saeid Farahani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nematollah Rouhbakhsh Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzaneh Zamiri Abdollahi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Negin Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 07 12 2021 09 29 Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is neurological disease of the central nervous system. Central auditory nervous system can also be affected by MS. The present study aimed to evaluate monaural and binaural auditory processing in patients with MS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 patients with MS and 45 normal peers as controls aged 25–45 years. They underwent a central auditory processing test battery including the Persian versions of Buffalo model questionnaire (BMQ), staggered spondee word (SSW) test, quick speech in noise test (QSIN), phonemic synthesis test (PST), and twopair dichotic digit test (DDT). Results: The results of SSW test, QSIN test, PST, DDT and BMQ in the MS group were significantly different than in the control group (p≤0.001). The results showed the poor performance of patients compared to controls in some monaural and binaural auditory processing skills. Conclusion: Central auditory processing disorder is common among patients with MS. The BMQ is a suitable screening tool for identifying affected people. Dichotic listening skills, phonemic processing and speech perception in noise are impaired in MS patients which can have significant impacts on their quality of life. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/975

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 121 128 EN Majid Shiroei Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nariman Rahbar Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Jalal Sameni Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 26 2021 10 06 Background and Aim: Background noise as a serious challenge mainly affects the speech perception in people with hearing loss. One of the methods used to control noise is digital noise reduction (DNR) technique. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of DNR program (activated and deactivated) on the frequency gain of basic and advanced behind-the-ear (BTE) Oticon hearing aids, using different DNR strategies to reduce background noise. Methods: Two behind-the-ear Oticon hearing aids (Opn1 S105 and GetP) were used in this study. The Affinity 2.0 test box was first used to measure their DNR (off/on) gains using the national acoustic laboratories-non linear2 (NAL-NL2) and desired sensation level multi-stage [input/output] (DSLm[I/O]) formulas at sound pressure levels of 45, 65 and 85 dB SPL at a frequency range of 250-8000 Hz for three hearing loss (HL) patterns using the international speech test signal and broad band noise. Results: There was a significant difference in DNR performance between the Opn1 S105 and GetP models for all three HL patterns at 45 and 65 dB SPL and most frequencies. Conclusion: The DNR performance of advanced and basic hearing aids is different for different HLs at 45 and 65 dB SPL and most frequencies. The performance of advanced hearing aids is significant using the DSLm[I/O] formula at most frequencies https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/993

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 31 2 2022 04 13 129 134 EN Seyyed Mohammad Reza Taghavi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Geshani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Rehabilitation Research Center, Ira status and quality of lives of people with hearing loss. MarkeTrak survey has been used for many years to track factors influencing satisfaction with hearing aids. This study aimed to make a valid and reliable Persian version of the MarkeTrak survey to measure the effects of type of fitting, experience and technology on hearing aid satisfaction. Methods: After confirmation of validity and reliability of the Persian MarkeTrak, 71 people participate in the study. The effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aids (type of fitting), experience and wireless versus non-wireless technology were tested. Results: Bilateral hearing aid users has significantly higher satisfaction rate than unilateral users (65.6±7.2 versus 59.9±17.7). The effects of experience with using hearing aids and type of technology did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Higher satisfaction with bilateral hearing aids might result from better sound quality in diverse listening conditions, spatial hearing and directionality with two ears rather than one ear. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1122 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/1122/497

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 05 06 224 232 Maziar Khorshidi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nematollah Rouhbakhsh Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzaneh Fatahi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nasrin Yazdani Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Yaseri Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeid Aarabi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2023 01 02 2023 04 05 Background and Aim: Despite more affordable and advanced technologies for early detection of congenital hearing loss, unilateral hearing loss is the prevalent form of hearing loss affecting school-aged children. This study aimed to examine the impact of Words-in-Noise (WIN) training on speech perception of noise in children with unilateral hearing loss. Methods: Thirteen children aged 8 to 12 years with unilateral hearing loss underwent a WIN training program in noise. The participants were tested before and after training on word identification in noise and cortical auditory evoked potentials. Results: A comparison of the mean signal-to-noise ratio 50% between pre- and post-training indicated that signal-to-noise ratio 50% score decreased after training sessions. WIN training reduced the latency in N1 and P2 waves in the Fz electrode and the N1 wave in the Pz electrode and increased the amplitude of the waves in the Fz and Pz electrodes. The observed data suggest that all participants’ performance improved on word identification in noise and some electrophysiological parameters. Cortical auditory evoked potentials components changes did not correlate with the WIN scores. Conclusion: The Persian version of the WIN training improved speech perception ability in the presence of competitive noise in children with unilateral hearing loss. Therefore, this software solution can partially solve speech comprehension problems with noise in these children. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1121

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 05 13 233 239 EN Mahsa Sheikhi Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Azade Abooei Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Mahdiyeh Azizi Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran 2023 01 06 2023 04 11 Background and Aim: Hearing-impairment and hearing loss are humans’ most common neurological and sensory injuries. Having a child with hearing loss, in addition to affecting the amount of stress on the family and parents, can also affect the marital satisfaction of the couple. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Jung’s self-knowledge on the adaptability and marital satisfaction of mothers with hearing-impaired children. Methods: This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-post-test design with a control group. The study’s statistical population includes all mothers with hearing-impaired children living in Yazd City, Iran. A total of 30 women were selected using the purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into the control (15 people) and intervention groups (15 people). The intervention group received Jung’s self-knowledge training in eight 90-minute sessions once a week, while the control group received no training. Data were collected through a marital satisfaction questionnaire and a family adaptation questionnaire. The data were analyzed at the level of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of the data analysis showed a significant difference between the variables of compatibility and marital satisfaction in the post-test of the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: Jung’s self-knowledge affects the adaptability and marital satisfaction of mothers with hearing-impaired children. Therefore, self-knowledge with Jung’s method can be useful for improving the adaptability and marital satisfaction of mothers with hearing-impaired children. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/740

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 3 2023 05 03 240 248 Berkay Arslan Department of Audiology, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey Levent Naci Özlüoğlu Department of ENT, Medical Faculty, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey