Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 06 21 220 231 Hossein Seraji Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghassem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Mohammad Reza Taghavi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 02 22 2021 04 24 Background and Aim: Subjective tinnitus is a phantom auditory perception caused by different factors and affects the patient’s quality of life. The tinnitus pathophysiology is not fully unders­tood; therefore, there is no effective treatment for tinnitus. Along with other methods, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) may be helpful in understanding this condition and the involved struc­tures. This study aimed to review the applications of AEPs in tinnitus studies. Recent Findings: The studies investigating tinnitus were categorized into three groups of tinnitus pathophysiology, pre- or post-treatment/intervention evaluation of tinnitus, and objective diagnosis of tinnitus. Contradictory and unrepeatable findings were observed in each group. Conclusion: Discrepancies in the results of AEPs studies can be due to between-group and within-group differences, lack of proper matching in terms of tinnitus etiology and hearing loss, and difference in neurophysiologic models of tinnitus. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/925

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 09 04 232 240 Behieh Kohansal Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Mehdi Asghari Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Sirvan Najafi Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fahimeh Hamedi 0000-0001-8871-6676 2021 04 21 2021 06 22 Background and Aim: Tinnitus is one of the most difficult challenges in audiology and otology. Previous studies have been shown that tinnitus may interfere with the function of central auditory system (CAS). Involvement of CAS abilities including speech perception and auditory processing has led to serious problems in people with tinnitus. Due to the lack of enough information about the impact of tinnitus on CAS and its function, and given that there is no standardized protocol for assessment and management of tinnitus, this study aimed to review the studies on the effect of tinnitus on the CAS function. Recent Findings: Sixteen eligible articles were reviewed. Temporal and spectral resolution, frequency differentiation and speech perception deficits were reported in patients with tinnitus, especially in background noise. This was reported even in tinnitus patients with normal hearing. Conclusion: Assessment of central auditory pro­cessing and speech perception in noise seems to be useful for proper management of tinnitus in clinical practice. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/945

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 07 05 241 255 EN Shubhaganga Dhrruvakumar Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India Asha Yathiraj Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India 2021 04 29 2021 06 20 Background and Aim: Age related changes in cognitive functioning have been shown to vary depending on the task used. Thus, the study aimed to compare the responses of young and older adults to an auditory Stroop test that assessed spatial (responses to location of the stimuli) and semantic (responses to meaning of the stimuli) localization. Methods: The “Auditory spatial and semantic localization Stroop test”, developed as a part of the study was administered on 30 young adults aged 18 to 30 years and 30 older adults aged 58 to 70 years having normal hearing. The response accuracy and reaction time of the participants were determined for the words “right”, “left”, “front”, and “back.” Results: The older adults had significantly poorer response accuracy and reaction time than the young adults for both spatial and semantic localization tasks. Within each participant group, semantic localization had better response accuracy than spatial localization, while such differences in reaction time were found only in the older adults. In both groups, a congruency effect was seen for spatial but not for semantic localization when response accuracy was calculated, whereas it was observed only for semantic and not for spatial localization when reaction time was measured. Conclusion: The auditory Stroop test, which measures stimulus interference and cognitive skills, could be used as a simple tool to assess the same for stimuli presented through the auditory modality. This would be especially helpful in older adults who may demonstrate cognitive decline with ageing to auditory stimuli. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/950

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 08 01 256 263 Mahdiyeh Azizi Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Shahnaz Sepehri Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran Farangis Demehri Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran 2021 04 18 2021 05 24 Background and Aim: Hearing loss is and invisible disability that adversely affects the quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) combined with compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on behavioral problems and mother-child interactions in children with hearing impairment. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest/posttest design using a control group. The study population consists of all mothers of children with hearing impairment in Yazd, Iran. A total of 30 mothers were selected using a purposive sampling method, and randomly assigned into control (n = 15) and intervention (n = 15) groups. The intervention group received ACT combined with CFT at eight sessions of 90 minutes, one session per week, while the control did not receive any treatment. Data collections tool were the Parent-Child Relationship Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The intervention had a significant effect on mother-child interaction and behavioral problems in children with hearing impairment. Conclusion: ACT combined with CFT can be used for intervention of mothers of children with hearing loss to reduce the behavioral problems of their children and improve their interactions with them. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/944

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 09 05 264 272 Jyothi Shivaswamy Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India Divya Mary Jose Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India Neelamegarajan Devi Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India Chandni Jain Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India 2021 05 25 2021 07 15 Background and Aim: Rehabilitation services to individuals with hearing impairment were on hold with widespread COVID-19. So, rehabilitation services were mandated mainly through telepractice for children with hearing loss. Evaluating the effectiveness of tele-practise compared to face-to-face therapy is of utmost importance for evidence-based approaches. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the parent’s satisfaction with tele-listening training for children with hearing impairment during COVID-19. Methods: Fifty-four parents of children with hearing loss participated in the study. The parents satisfaction on tele-listening training was evaluated through the Parent Satisfaction Questionnaire in terms of 1) the audio and video quality during teletherapy; 2) equipment use 3) general parent-therapist interaction and communication during teletherapy; 4) service delivery and convenience; and 5) overall satisfaction with the teletherapy. Results: The results showed a higher parent satisfaction rating to avail rehabilitation services through tele-modality during the pandemic. Tele-listening training sessions had helped parents continue training their children at home with the therapist's guidance online. However, parents were not satisfied with their child's interaction with the therapist as they found it difficult to maintain attention throughout the online session. Conclusion: Although most participants agreed that tele session could not replace face-to-face auditory-verbal therapy (AVT) programs, most of them were satisfied with the outreach AVT program. These favorable responses from parents highlight that the digital revolution and other technological advancements support the service providers in Audiology, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/957

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 09 11 273 279 Morteza Hamidi Nahrani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Akbari Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Maarefvand Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 04 10 2021 06 14 Background and Aim: Evaluating the effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) in patients with vestibular lesions has always been a challenge. The questionnaires that are used for this purpose mostly show the degree of vestibular disability rather than providing information about improvement of vestibular dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate whether video head impulse test (vHIT) that is used for the examination of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), is a useful method for predicting the effectiveness of VR and has a correlation with dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) score. Methods: Participants were 42 patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction (UPVH) undergoing VR. Patients were assessed before and after rehabilitation by the vHIT in all ipsilesional and contralesional semicircular can­als (SCCs) and the DHI. The changes in DHI score and VOR gain before and after rehabili­tation, were shown as ΔDHI and ΔVOR and their correlation was evaluated. Results: VOR gain from ipsilesional and contralesional SCCs was improved significantly after VR. There was a significant strong negative correlation between ΔVOR gain from ipsilesional SCCs and ΔDHI score but no significant correlation was found between the ΔDHI score and ΔVOR gain from contralesional SCCs. Conclusion: vHIT test is a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of VR. VOR gain is correlated with the DHI score. Therefore, the improvement in vHIT results in all three SCCs after VR may be a good predictor of the degree of improvement in dizziness-related disability. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/941

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 09 15 280 286 Fateme Zarrinpour Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nariman Rahbar Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Jalal Sameni Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 04 04 2021 07 10 Background and Aim: Parents' evaluation of aural/oral performance of children (PEACH) and teachers' evaluation of aural/oral performance of children (TEACH) questionnaires are used to assess the behaviors of hearing-impaired children in real-life situations. This study aims to compare the scores of PEACH and TEACH in children with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) using hearing aids. Methods: This is a double-blind two-period crossover study on 21 children aged 9-72 months with severe-to-profound SNHL using hearing aids. There were two 6-week periods of fitting Phonak Naida Venture SP hearing aids using the fifth version of the Desired Sensation Level (DSL v5) and the National Acoustics Laboratories’ nonlinear fitting procedure (NAL-NL2) prescriptions. At the end of each trial, the PEACH and TEACH questioners were completed through an interview with the parents and teachers, respectively. Results: There was a strong correlation between the PEACH and TEACH in total and subscale scores. There was no significant difference between the results of DSL v5 and the NAL-NL2 prescriptions for the total score and subscale scores of PEACH and TEACH. Conclusion: The PEACH score has a strong correlation with the TEACH score. These questionnaires are useful tools for indirectly assessment of hearing-impaired children’s communication skills. The DSL v5 and the NAL-NL2 prescriptions make no significant difference in the performance of children with severe-to-profound SNHL. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/938

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 4 2021 09 22 287 293 Elaheh Mosharaf Dehkordi Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehbilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Moslem Shaabani Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehbilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Kouhi Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amir A’lam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Vahedi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehbilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghassem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nematollah Rouhbakhsh Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elham Tavanai Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2023 03 19 2023 05 29 Background and Aim: Numerous studies have investigated the effect of binaural beat stimulation on visual attention. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of binaural beats on both auditory and visual sustained attention of young people with normal hearing. Methods: Thirty normal-hearing people with mean age of 27.77±6.85 years were divided into two groups of Sham-Binaural beat (SB, n=15) and Binaural beat-Sham (BS, n=15). The participants in each group performed the Integrated Visual and Auditory-2 Continuous Performance Test (IVA-2 CPT) twice on different days. The SB group performed the IVA-2 CPT first under sham condition and then in the presence of binaural beats. In the BS group, the order was reversed in terms of stimuli presentation. The binaural beat stimulus was an audio file that induced beats at a frequency of 16 Hz by presenting 400 and 416 Hz stimuli to the right and left ears, respectively. The sham stimulus was a pure tone of 400 HZ. A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means. Results: The results showed the significant effect of binaural beat stimulation on auditory sustained attention (p<0.001). However, its effect on visual sustained attention was not significant (p=0.061). Conclusion: Stimulation with binaural beats of 16 Hz may improve the auditory sustained attention in young people with normal hearing. It cannot improve their visual sustained attention. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1152

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 4 2023 07 31 322 333 Soheila Shayanmehr Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Sadeghijam Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Akram Pourbakht Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farnoush Jarollahi Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alimohamad Asghari Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Karimi Boroujeni Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada AND School of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2023 04 29 2023 06 13 Background and Aim: Evidence-based practice improves the quality of clinical performance. Attitude affects the implementation of research findings into practice. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS-36) evaluates the attitude of therapists toward evidence-based practice. The present study aimed to provide a validated Persian translation of the EBPAS-36 for audiologists. Methods: The original EBPAS-36 was translated by using the international quality of life assessment protocol. The validity of translated version was surveyed by an expert panel and the Persian version with 35 questions was yielded. A demographic questionnaire and EBPAS P-35 were given to 182 audiologists to evaluate the psychometric properties. The reliability was evaluated by completing the EBPAS P-35 after 2 weeks by 30 of the participants and Cronbach’s alpha and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) were calculated. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were also conducted. Results: The content validity ratio was above 0.33 for all except item 10 which was removed from the Persian version. The mean(SD) total score was 2.38(0.46). A significant relationship was observed between the total score and all subscales (p<0.05). The original factor structure showed an acceptable model fit (CMIN/DF=1.39, GFI=0.84, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.04) confirming the 12-factor structure of the EBPAS-36. The internal consistency was very good for the total score (α=0.88) and adequate to very good for the subscales (0.65–0.84), indicating high reliability. The ICC showed good agreement in the score of test-retest (total ICC=0.65). Conclusion: This study confirms good psychometric properties and validity of the EBPAS P-35 in a sample of audiologists. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1162

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 4 2023 06 25 334 343 Nader Saki Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Hearing Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Bahman Cheraghian Hearing Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Masoud Motasaddi Zarandi Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shadman Nemati Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AND Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Zahra Rahimi Hearing Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Fakher Rahim Department of Anesthesia, Ciahan University, Sulaimaniya, Iraq Hossein Poustchi Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sara Saki Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California USA Soheila Nikakhlagh Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Arash Bayat Hearing Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2023 01 26 2023 06 13 Background and Aim: The increasing trend of hearing loss is an important public health concern that needs coordinated and well-designed measures at the regional, global, and local levels. We determined the audiological profile of a province in Iran with unique socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical characteristics and investigated the risk factors associated with hearing loss. Methods: A total number of 1845 participants (35–70 years old) were recruited in the current prospective study. Pure tone audiometry and tympanometry tests were conducted to determine the type and severity of hearing loss in adults living in southwest Iran (Arab ethnicity). The hearing loss prevalence in individuals with a history of head trauma, cardiovascular disease, noise exposure, diabetes, and smoking status was compared with that of disease-free participants. Results: The hearing loss prevalence was 51.3% (947/1845), which was significantly correlated with sociodemographic factors, including age, gender, marital status, educational level, skill levels, wealth status, Townsend deprivation index, and smoking habit (p<0.001). The hearing loss prevalence showed a significant association with a history of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, smoking habits, head trauma, and noise exposure (p<0.05). Nonetheless, the prevalence of hearing loss and the type of residency, and the wealth index were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Hearing loss causes the burden of chronic disability in southwest of Iran. Several socioeconomic, demographic, and medical parameters influence the consequences of hearing loss. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1133

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 32 4 2023 07 02 344 350 EN Karupaiah Kamalakannan Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India Aronprabu Chrislin Sona Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India Sivagnanam Sivaranjani Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India Surendran Thiriveni Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India Kumaar Bhuvaneswari Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Holy Cross