Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 06 19 150 151 Farnoush Jarollahi Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 05 23 2021 05 26 Editorial https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/954

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 05 16 152 159 Marzieh Amiri Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mahdieh Hasanalifard New Hearing Technologies Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Delphi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2021 03 10 2021 05 08 Background and Aim: The COVID-19 has affected sensory organs in a different manner. This paper aimed to review the auditory-vestibular symptoms associated with COVID-19 and it also investigated the impacts of this pandemic on hearing-impaired community. Recent Findings: The existing studies related to the effects of COVID-19 on the auditory-vestibular system were reviewed and discussed in order to achieve the overall image of COVID-19 on this system. Moreover, due to the adverse effects of using a mask on the communication function of hearing-impaired people, the effects of the mask on the communication process of hearing-impaired people were also reviewed. Conclusion: COVID-19 may be accompanying with some auditory and vestibular dysfunctions. Although there are few findings in this area, they showed that the induced hearing loss is often sudden in nature and it is unclear that this situation is because of the ototoxicity of virus treated drugs or not. The vertigo induced by COVID-19 can be a direct invasion of the virus or an invasion by the immune system and its association with hearing loss and tinnitus must be identified, and appropriate referrals should be considered. On the other hand, due to the adverse effects of using personal protective equipment such as masks on the communication performance of hearing-impaired people, the necessary advice and guidance in this field are provided to the medical staff. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/930

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 05 29 160 166 Jamileh Chupani Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohanna Javanbakht Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yones Lotfi Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 01 08 2021 04 12 Background and Aim: The majority of the world’s population is bilingual. Bilingualism is a form of sensory enrichment that translates to gains in cognitive abilities; these cognitive gains in attention and memory are known to modulate subcortical processing of auditory stimuli. Second language acquisition has a broad impact on various psychological, cognitive, memory, and linguistic processes. Central auditory processing (CAP) is the perceptual processing of auditory information. Due to its importance in bilingu­alism, this study aimed to review the CAP of bilinguals. Recent Findings: The CAP was studied in three areas: dichotic listening, temporal processing, and speech in noise perception. Regarding dichotic listening, studies have shown that bilinguals have better performance in staggered spondaic word (SSW) test, consonant-vowel dichotic test, dichotic digits test (DDT), and disyllable dichotic test than monolinguals, although similar results have also been reported in SSW and DDT. Regarding temporal processing, the results of bilinguals do not differ from those of monolinguals, although in some cases, it is better in bilinguals. Regarding speech in noise perception, the results between bilinguals and monolinguals are varied depending on the amount of linguistic information available in the stimuli. Conclusion: Bilingualism has a positive effect on dichotic processing, no effect on temporal processing, and varied effect on speech in noise perception. Bilinguals have poor performance using meaningful speech and better performance using meaningless speech. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/908 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/908/414

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 05 31 167 175 EN Amir Majidpour Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hosein Shahbazi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Behieh Kohansal Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Ahmadreza Nazeri Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 02 10 2021 04 21 Background and Aim: Hearing loss assessment is typically done using the conventional pure tone audiometry (125 Hz to 8000 Hz). Extended high-frequency audiometry (EHFA), which covers the frequency range of 9000 Hz to 20000 Hz, is a very useful tool for detecting early hearing loss before engaging middle and low frequencies. The involvement of these frequencies significantly affects hearing sensitivity. The purpose of the present study was to review the literature on the early diagnosis of hearing impairment using EHFA. Recent Findings: EHFA has been suggested as a low utilization tool in clinical evaluation. However, in recent years, a great deal of information has been provided in this area. This evaluation has proven to be useful in a variety of areas, including ototoxicity, noise-exposed individuals, and users of personal music devices, hidden hearing loss (HHL), middle ear infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. Conclusion: Given the importance and application of this clinical tool in the early detection of hearing loss and its use in conjunction with other evaluations, better care planning and prevention can be offered to patients in some areas. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/918

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 05 11 176 182 Neha Banerjee Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India Prashanth Prabhu Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India 2021 02 17 2021 04 21 Background and Aim: The central auditory nervous system has the ability to perceptually group similar sounds and segregates different sounds called auditory stream segregation or auditory streaming or auditory scene analysis. Identification of a change in spectral profile when the amplitude of a component of complex tone is changed is referred to as Spectral profile analysis. It serves as an important cue in auditory stream segregation as the spectra of the sound source vary. The aim of the study was to assess auditory stream segregation in individuals with cochlear pathology (CP) and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. Methods: In the present study, three groups of participants were included. Experimental groups included 21 ears in each group with cochlear hearing loss or auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders (ANSD) and control group with 21 ears with normal hearing. Profile analysis was assessed using "mlp" toolbox, which implements a maximum likelihood procedure in MATLAB. It was assessed at four frequencies (250 Hz, 500 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1000 Hz) for all three groups. Results: The results of the study indicate that the profile analysis threshold (at all four frequencies) was significantly poorer for individuals with CP or ANSD compared to the control group. Although, cochlear pathology group performed better than ANSD group. Conclusion: This could be because of poor spectral and temporal processing due to loss of outer hair cells at the level of the basilar membrane in cochlear pathology patients and due to the demyelination of auditory neurons in individuals with ANSD. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/922

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 05 16 183 188 Zahra Nadimi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansoureh Adel Ghahraman Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghassem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Hoseinabadi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kazem Malmir Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Malihah Mazaheryazdi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hesamaldin Emamdjomeh ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 01 04 2021 03 03 Background and Aim: Vestibular system has several anatomical connections with cognitive regions of the brain. Vestibular disorders have negative effects on cognitive performance. Hearing-impaired patients, particularly cochlear implant users, have concomitant vestibular disorders. Previous studies have shown that attention assigned to postural control decreases while performing a cognitive task (dual task) in hearing-impaired children. Since the vestibular system and postural control performance develop around 15−16 years of age, the aim of this study was to compare postural control performance during dual task in adolescent boys with normal hearing and cochlear implant (CI) users with congenital hearing-impairment. Methods: Postural control was assessed in twenty 16−19 year old cochlear implant boys and 40 normal hearing peers with force plate. The main outcomes were displacement in posterior- anterior and medial-lateral planes, and mean speed with and without cognitive task and under on/off-device conditions. Caloric test was performed for CI users in order to examine the peripheral vestibular system. Results: Ninety-five percent of CI users showed caloric weakness. There were no significant diff­erences in postural control parameters between groups. All performances deteriorated in the foam pad condition compared to the hard surface in all groups. Total mean velocity significantly increased during dual task in normal hearing group and in CI users with off-device. Conclusion: Although CI users had apparent vestibular disorders, their postural control in both single and dual-task conditions was identical to the normal peers. These effects can be attributed to the vestibular compensation that takes place during growing. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/907

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 05 25 189 199 EN Mohammad Hosseinabadi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghassem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Rostami Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Afshin Aalmasi Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2021 01 28 2021 05 02 Background and Aim: In recent years, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been used as an effective method in rehabilitation and treatment of psychological disorders in children and adults. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of GVS on response inhibition and susta­ined attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Seventeen children with ADHD, within the age range of 9−12 years, participated in this study. All participants were exposed to the go/no-go task. The behavioral outcomes and event-related potentials were recorded at baseline status, in sham condition, and after 20 minutes of exposure to GVS polarities, with an anode on the right mastoid region and a cathode on the left mastoid region. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in reducing the behavioral response of the commission error (p < 0.05). But the reduction in behavioral responses to omission error and reaction time were not significant (p > 0.05). However, regarding ERPs, reduced latencies and increased amplitudes of N2 and P3 waves were observed in GVS intervention, compared to the baseline and sham conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The present results indicated the potential of GVS in improving of cognition function in children with ADHD and could help us develop a new strategy for rehabilitation of response inhibition disorders in the future. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/914 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/914/413

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 30 3 2021 06 07 200 208 EN Ziba Delkhah Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Hamid Reza Farmani Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Soleymani Department of Speech Therapy, Schibular Research 2423-480X 33 4 2024 04 21 339 348 Sajana Aryal Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America Prashanth Prabhu Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India 2024 01 08 2024 03 10 Background and Aim: Misophonia, characterized by a decreased tolerance for specific auditory stimuli, has been insufficiently explored within audiology. Limited research has been conducted, and the auditory mechanisms involved in this disorder remain to be explored. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the auditory efferent systems in individuals with misophonia. By focusing on this specific aspect, we aim to contribute to a better understanding of misophonia and shed light on the underlying auditory mechanisms involved in the condition. Methods: A cross-sectional research was performed with students from Mysore University to investigate misophonia. The severity of misophonia was evaluated using the revised Amsterdam misophonia scale. The participants were divided into two groups based on their misophonia severity: mild (n=15) and moderate-severe (n=15). All participants underwent transient evoked otoacoustic emissions with contralateral suppression to assess the auditory function. The overall amplitude and frequency-specific amplitudes were analyzed and compared across the various groups. Results: The analysis of variance results revealed no significant differences between the groups in global amplitude suppression and suppression of all frequencies. These findings imply that the medial-olivocochlear bundle efferent pathway is intact among individuals with misophonia. Conclusion: Our findings have concluded that the medial olivocochlear bundle appears intact among individuals with misophonia (p>0.05). However, it is essential to note that the generalizability of these findings may be limited due to the relatively small sample size used in our study. Therefore, further research involving a more extensive and diverse population is needed to validate and generalize these conclusions. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1245 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/1245/575

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 33 4 2024 07 03 349 360 Amirreza Karami Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nariman Rahbar Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari Department of Performing Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Jalal Sameni Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nayiere Mansouri Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2024 01 05 2024 03 11 Background and Aim: For the Word Recognition Score (WRS) test, homogenous lists of words with similar difficulty levels are needed. This study aimed to develop and validat