Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 1 9 Parvin Raji Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2017 06 17 Background and Aim: All activities of daily living need to balance control in static and dynamic movements. In recent years, a numerous increase can be seen in the functional balance assessment tools. Functional balance tests emphasize on static and dynamic balance, balance in weight transfer, the equilibrium response to the imbalances, and functional mobility. These standardized and available tests assess performance and require minimal or no equipment and short time to run. Functional balance is prerequisite for the most static and dynamic activities in daily life and needs sufficient interaction between sensory and motor systems. According to the critical role of balance in everyday life, and wide application of functional balance tests in the diagnosis and assessment of patients, a review of the functional balance tests was performed. Methods: The Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Magiran, Iran Medex, and IranDoc databases were reviewed and the reliable and valid tests which were mostly used by Iranian researchers were assessed. Conclusion: It seems that Berg balance scale (BBS) have been studied by Iranian and foreign researches more than the other tests. This test has high reliability and validity in elderly and in the most neurological disorders. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/487

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 10 18 Ayub Valadbeigi Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Nematollah Rouhbakhsh Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Ghasem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Leila Jalilvand Karimi Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran Shohreh Jalaie Biostatistic Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2017 06 17 Background and Aim: The temporal processing is one of the critical features in central auditory processing system; the gap in noise (GIN) test is the appropriate clinical tool for appraisal of temporal resolution which in people with multiple sclerosis may encounter with complications. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the results of gap in noise test in 18 to 40-year-old patients with multiple sclerosis and normal participants. Methods: This cross-sectional non-invasive cohort study was conducted on 20 patients with relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis (mean age: 28.9 years) and 26 healthy normal hearing participant (mean age: 27.7 years) in the age range 18 to 40 years. The approximate threshold and percent of corrected responses were obtained and then were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Results: There was an increase in gap detection and decrease in percent of corrected responses in gap in noise test within multiple sclerosis patients in comparison with normal people (p<0.0001). Moreover, there were a correlation of 78% between increasing disease duration and approximate threshold and also a correlation of 82% between increasing disease duration and corrected responses (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it seems that people with multiple sclerosis suffer from some degree of disorder in the temporal resolution which might be due to involvement of central nerve system and, somehow, deficit in central auditory processing. Therefore, for evaluating the temporal resolution in people with multiple sclerosis, gap in noise test could be useful. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/488

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 19 27 Parisa Rasoulifard Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Ghasem Mohammadkhani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Saeed Farahani Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mohammadali Sahraiyan Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Shohreh Jalaie Department of Biostatistics, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2017 06 17 Bachground and Aim: The involvement of central auditory nervous system is relatively prevalent in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). To understand cortex function and to investigate cognitive impairment, event related potential is considered as a valuable tool. This study was aimed to compare the amplitude and latency of the event related potentials of P300 in MS patients and normal individuals. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 21 MS patients and 27 normal cases aged 18-50 years. Auditory P300 was recorded with oddball paradigm, using two tone burst stimuli (1000 and 2000). Results: In MS patients, mean latencies were significantly longer (p<0.001) and mean amplitude were significantly lower (p<0.001), in both males and females. Sex did not affect P300 latencies and amplitudes significantly. Conclusion: MS patients show some degree of event related potential abnormalities. Combination of auditory P300 and neuropsychological tests may be useful to investigate cognitive impairment in MS patients. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/489

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 28 36 Maryam Vahab Department of Speech therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Sima Shahim Department of Exceptional Children, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Majid Oryadizanjani Department of Speech therapy, University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Salime Jafari Department of Speech therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Faham Department of Speech therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2017 06 17 Background and Aim: Social interaction plays an essential role in acquisition of speech and language as one of the most important developmental factors. The recent studies indicated that language abilities have a close relationship to social skills. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of development of expressive language and dimensions of social skills in 4-6-years-old Persian-speaking children. Methods: In this study, 123 normal Persian-speaking 4-6-year-old children (76 boys and 47 girls) who had all the specific criteria for normality were randomly selected from several preschools in Shiraz, Iran. During the first stage of testing, test of language development (TOLD) was administered to investigate language development of participants; later, the social skills rating system (SSRS) including the teachers’ and parents’ forms were completed by the parents and teachers of participants. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results: The correlations between expressive language and dimensions of social skills were significant (p<0.001), but teachers’ form had a greater correlation with language development (p=0.031). Besides, Pearson’s correlations between teachers’ and parents’ forms was not significant (p=0.27). Conclusion: According to our results, expressive language develops along with social skills development. On the other hand, these results are based on the differences between home and educational environment in social skills achievements of children. These findings are to be considered to provide crucial training in both environments for the children to improve the development of their expressive language. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/490

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 37 43 Seyede Zohre Mousavi Department of Speech therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Aliasghar Sabaghi Department of Speech therapy, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Azar Mehri Department of Speech therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Saman Maroufizade Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran 2017 06 17 Background and Aim: Oral stereognosis is the ability to recognize the objects placed in the mouth; this plays a significant role in speech sounds production. Since the children with hearing loss have articulation disorders, this study aimed to clear the relation of hearing loss degrees and oral stereognosis in 5-year-old children. Methods: In this cross-sectional non-invasive study, 40 children of 5-year-old (30 children with different degrees of hearing loss and 10 normal children) were involved. Oral steriognostic test was done for all of them and the Mann-Whitney U was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were significant differences between the mean of oral stereognostic ability between the normal children and the children with severe (p<0.01) or profound hearing loss (p=0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean of oral stereognostic ability among the children with moderate, severe and profound hearing loss compared with together. Besides, there was no significant difference between the mean of the time of diagnosis among all of hearing loss and normal children. Conclusion: The study shows that the children with moderate, severe and profound hearing loss have inefficient oral stereognosis in comparison with the normal children. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/491

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 44 50 Aliasghar Kakojoibari Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Azam Sharifi Department of Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2017 06 17 Background and Aim: Reading skills, a complicated process, should be learnt and solely is not depend on sounds conforming with the written symbols on a page. Readers will be able to understand and perceive the deeper meaning of the text based on their experiences and knowledge obtained through reading. This research aimed to compare hearing-impaired students’ reading literacy in exceptional and ordinary schools in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 28 hearing-impaired students of the 4th year of primary exceptional and ordinary schools of Shahr-e-Ray and Shahryar cities, Iran, using the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS 2006) booklets. Comparative statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. Results: The hearing-impaired students in ordinary schools had significantly (p<0.05) higher scores [mean (SD)] in reading literacy [3.67 (1.74)], comprehension of informational contents [4.21 (2.48)], and comprehension of literary contents [3.14(1.23)] than hearing-impaired students in exceptional schools [1.78 (1.06), 1.92 (1.49), and 1.64 (1.62), respectively]. Conclusion: Hearing-impaired students in ordinary schools meaningfully had higher performance of reading skills in comparison with hearing-impaired students in exceptional schools. It seems that an appropriate cultural bed should be provided in order to conduct these students and accept them in ordinary schools. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/492

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 60 67 Shirin Moghtaderi Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Seyed-Mahmoud Mirzamani Department of Counseling, Education and Counseling Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Islamshahr, Iran Hadi Bahrami Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 2017 06 17 Background and Aim: Tinnitus is an annoying disease cause major problems including insomnia, impaired concentration, and reduced quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. Methods: This was a pilot experimental study with pre- and post-test method. 20 people suffered from subjective tinnitus were divided equally in two groups of experimental and control. The two groups were matched according to age and severity of tinnitus. They completed tinnitus clinical questionnaires before and after the test and the severity of their tinnitus was recorded by a number from one to ten. Experimental group went under hypnotherapy for 10 sessions. The control group did not perform any psychological treatment. The gathered data were statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test (independent and dependent). Results: There were significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores of each group and also, between the post-test scores of experimental and control groups (p = 0.001 for all). Conclusion: The results showed that hypnotherapy could effectively reduce the seventy of tinnitus in patients in the experimental group; in other words, the results confirm the effectiveness of medical hypnosis in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/493

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 4 2017 07 31 51 59 Abdollah Ghasempour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Ebrahim Akbari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Maryam Taghipour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Zeinab Azimi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Ebrahim Refaghat Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 2017 06 increased survival rates and the importance of hearing in speech and language development, this research project was intended to assess the effects of cisplatin group on hearing ability in children aged 6 months to 12 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, hearing of 10 children on cisplatin group medication for cancer who met the inclusion criteria was examined by recording auditory brainstem responses (ABR) using the three stimulants of click and 4 and 8 kHz tone bursts. All children were examined twice: before drug administration and within 72 hours after receiving the last dose. Then the results were compared with each other. Results: There was a significant difference between hearing thresholds before and after drug administration (p<0.05). Right and left ear threshold comparison revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: Ototoxic effects of cisplatin group were confirmed in this study. Insignificant difference observed in comparing right and left ear hearing thresholds could be due to small sample size. Auditory brainstem responses test especially with frequency specificity proved to be a useful method in assessing cisplatin ototoxicity. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/445

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 1 2017 10 03 54 61 Maryam Nikravesh Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Farhad Torabinezhad Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Ali Ghorbani Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mohammad Reza Keyhani Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2017 06 13 Background and Aim: prosody is a very important factor in communication and includes such parameters as: duration, intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm etc. Intonation is the pitch variation in one sentence. Duration is the time taken to utter a voice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate some parameters of prosody such as duration and intonation curve in interrogative sentences among normal Farsi speaking adults in order to determine the characteristics of this aspect of language with an emphasis on laboratory testing. Methods: This study was performed as a cross-sectional one. The participants included 134 male and female Farsi speaking individuals aging between 18-30 years. In this study two interrogative sentences with open and closed answers were used. The voice samples were analyzed by Dr.speech -real analysis software. Data analysis incorporated unilateral analysis of variance and an intonation curve was drawn for each sentence. Results: The parameter of duration among men and women was significantly different (p:0.001). Duration in open questions was significantly longer than yes/no questions (p:0.001). The intonation curve of the two groups were similar. Conclusion: Men and women use duration changes, for making difference in prosody. On the whole, duration among women is longer than men. In open questions, the duration of sentences is mostly due to the question word. The intonation curve in open questions has more amplitude. Women show much more changes in basic frequency for transferring interrogative state in their expressions. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/447

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 1 2017 10 03 62 68 Mahshid Aghajanzadeh Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Ali Ghorbani Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Farhad Torabinezhad Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mohammad Reza Keyhani Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2017 06 13 Background and Aim: Voice disorders assess with the help of laboratory equipments and perceptual evaluation. Voice samples involve vowel prolongation, text-reading or conversational speech. In Iran, Rainbow text and Grandfather text, were developed for assessing voice. Methods: This study was cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical. Mean and fundamental frequency variations range in 120 normal males and females aging from 20-59 years old were studied. Voice samples of reading both texts were gathered and compared. Results: Mean fundamental frequency in males in Grandfather text was 137.93 with SD 1.2 and in Rainbow text was 135.09 with SD 1.1 (p>0.05), in females Grandfather and Rainbow texts were 206.07 with SD 0.9 and 204.23 with SD 2.1, respectively (p>0.05). Fundamental frequency variations range in Grandfather text in males was 88.10 with SD 0.8 and in females was 116.77 with SD 1.3 and in Rainbow text in males was 90.92 with SD 1.1, in females was 116.08 with SD 1.2 (p>0.05). Mean fundamental frequency of males in each text didn't show significant difference in age groups and just in 50-59 age group of the female population showed significant difference. Fundamental frequency variations range didn't show significant difference in males and females in both texts. Conclusion: These two texts were the same in measurement of average and fundamental frequency variations range in adults. Significant difference showed between 50-59 age group of the female population and other groups. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/449

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 1 2017 10 03 69 75 Narges Torke Ladani Cochlear Implant Clinic, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Zahra Agharasouli Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Hassan Ashayeri Department of Rehabilitation Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Behrouz Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari Department of Dramatic Literature, Faculty of Art, University of Tehran, Iran Mohammad Kamali Department of Rehabilitation Management, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Iran Seyyede Zohreh Ziatabar Ahmadi Cochlear Implant Center, Baghiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran 2017 06 13 Background and Aim: The communication process includes both verbal and nonverbal elements. Nonverbal behavior or body language includes facial expression, eye contact, posture and prosody. Prosody conveys semantic or affective information to a listener. Nonetheless, so far in Iran no report on assessment of speech prosody comprehension in patients has ever been published. The aim of this study was to measure the validity and reliability of the prosody comprehension test specifically designed for the Persian language and culture. Methods: This study is a type of test development. 73 sentences were orated by 22 professional vocalists in eight different prosodies. A total of 6582 voices were prepared which were listened by 200, 18-30 year-old students and a voice specialist. Having the content validity calculated for all voices, 1473 voices were found to be unanimously agreed upon by all participants in terms of emotional status which were analyzed by a voice specialist. Eventually, 169 voices were selected for developing the prosody comprehension test including the following four subtests: none motional prosody discrimination, emotional discrimination, naming of prosody and naming conflicts. Reliability of the test was determined by performing the test on 32, 18-60 year-old normal people. Results: The designed test of comprehension prosody had 100% content validity ratio and 94% reliability and the correlation of test of prosody was 89% (p=0.001). Conclusion: This test in Persian language has appropriate validity and reliability and is appropriate for assessment of prosody comprehension. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/451

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 21 1 2017 10 03 76 82 Maryam soraya Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Behrouz Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari Department of Dramatic Literature, Faculty of Art, University of Tehran, Iran Zohre Badiee Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Yalda Kazemi Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Bahram Soleimani Department of Statistics, Islamic University Azad of Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran 2017 06 13 Background and Aim: Premature birth and low birth weight are regarded as two risk factors for impaired language development. Hence, information about primary period of language development in these children is important for early detection of children’s needs during their language development period. The goal of this study was to determine the expressive lexicon size in 18 to 36 month-old premature children with low birth weight and to compare them with their full-term peers. Methods: In this prospective historical survey, using form II of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), expressive lexicon size of 42 premature children with low birth weight who were 18 to 36 month- old and 42 full-term peers in three age groups with six monthintervals is evaluated. Forms were completed individually by mothers of children. Results: Data analysis showed that the difference in expressive lexicon between the two groups was significant (p=0.025). Nonethe