Tehran University of Medical Sciences Auditory and Vestibular Research 2423-480X 0 0 2026 06 03 1521 1521 Fatemeh Ghasemi 1. Audiology Department, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohamad Ebrahim Mahdavi 2. Audiology Department, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 12 05 2026 05 13 Background and Aim: Auditory temporal processing (ATP), the ability to perceive acoustic changes over time, is fundamental for communication. Deficits in ATP underlie various auditory processing disorders. This review focuses on the electrophysiological correlates of ATP deficits in key clinical populations, including auditory neuropathy, dyslexia, and age-related hearing loss. The aim was to establish a hierarchical neurophysiological framework for understanding these deficits, from the brainstem to the cortex, using objective electrophysiological measures. Recent Findings: Evidence reveals a systematic shift in neural encoding. The brainstem employs precise temporal coding, measured by the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and Frequency-Following Response (FFR). In contrast, higher cortical centers utilize rate-based and cognitive coding for periodicity, captured by cortical Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) like the N1-P2 complex and Mismatch Negativity (MMN). This framework allows for the objective localization of dysfunction, such as neural dyssynchrony in auditory neuropathy. Critically, the system shows experience-dependent plasticity; targeted auditory training can normalize cortical responses and enhance subcortical encoding. Conclusion: Electrophysiological measures provide a critical, non-invasive window into ATP. They offer validated biomarkers for diagnosing disorders, objectively validating rehabilitation efficacy, and guiding personalized intervention. Future translation into clinical practice requires standardized protocols and integrated multi-level assessments. https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/view/1521 https://avr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/avr/article/download/1521/686